The Climate Crisis Is Real: Here’s the Expert Advice on What We Need to Do

The global strike on Sept. 20 was the largest demonstration for climate action in history. The movement that started with Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg in August 2018 has mobilized millions, while Extinction Rebellion and other protest groups have escalated their campaigns on streets around the world. Radical “Green New Deals” are emerging as a bold, political response to the climate crisis.

“The world is waking up,” Thunberg told world leaders at the recent UN Climate Action Summit. “And change is coming whether you like it or not.”

But how long that awakening takes could be decisive for warming this century. A report published ahead of the summit declared that the impacts of climate change are accelerating — global emissions of carbon dioxide grew by 20 per cent between 2015 and 2019, while the average rate of sea level rise has increased to five millimetres per year over roughly the same period.

One author warned that limiting global temperature rise to two degrees Celsius would require tripling current commitments to reduce emissions. To hold temperatures to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, global ambition would need to increase by a factor of five.

The debate over whether climate change is happening is over, and the conversation about what should be done is beginning in earnest. We’ve asked experts from around the globe to describe how the world should respond to the threat of climate breakdown. We share their insights here.

The state of the Earth

Nowhere are the effects of climate change more visible than in the Arctic, a region that’s estimated to be warming at least twice as fast as the global average. Arctic sea ice reached its second-lowest extent on record in September 2019.

A new report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has revealed the changes that are under way in the oceans and the ice-covered regions of the world, and the message is stark.

“Glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking,” wrote Cassandra Brooks of the University of Colorado Boulder. “Global sea level is rising at more than twice the rate of the 20th century. The ocean is warming, becoming more acidic and losing oxygen. Fifty per cent of coastal wetlands have been lost over the past 100 years. Species are shifting, biodiversity is declining and ecosystems are losing their integrity and function.”

Earth’s oceans have absorbed more than 90 per cent of the excess heat in the global climate system, but not without repercussions. Marine heatwaves are causing coral reefs to bleach and mass die-offs of fish and other wildlife. Not only does this added ocean heat wreak havoc on marine ecosystems, but it is changing the relationship between coastal communities and the ocean.

Wildlife populations are struggling to adapt to the disruption, both in the oceans and on land. As a result, a landmark report from an international team of biodiversity experts earlier in 2019 called for “transformative change” to economies and societies to prevent up to a million species going extinct.

Five steps to restrain emissions right now

Limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius means the world has to be at net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.

But it’s cumulative emissions that count – if countries leave decarbonization until the last minute, it will be too late.

Rebecca Willis, a professor of climate and energy policy at Lancaster University in the U.K., outlines five measures that can begin to restrain emissions right now.

1. Task all government departments with a climate agenda so that they’re obligated to show how their policies will contribute to emissions cuts.

2. Engage the public in developing climate strategies with citizens’ assemblies and involve workers in designing policy to ensure a “just transition” from carbon-intensive industries like coal mining.

3. Enact “symbolic policies” to set the investment climate and catalyze radical change — ban advertising for petrol cars for instance, or allow people to generate and sell renewable energy at home.

4. Keep all remaining fossil fuels in the ground — ban oil and gas exploration and end the US$5.2 trillion spent on subsidising the fossil fuel industry each year.

5. Set aside negative emission technologies like carbon capture and storage. They might play a role in absorbing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere in future, but they don’t exist at a meaningful scale yet. Relying on them is a distraction from the need to cut emissions now.

Think about natural climate solutions

There are technologies that already exist which are very good at capturing carbon dioxide. Plants have perfected the process of turning carbon in the air into solid, living material over billions of years.

Natural climate solutions mobilize this potential by restoring forests, wetlands and other habitats.

But it’s not as simple as letting nature do all the hard work, says Sebastian Leuzinger, an associate professor at the Auckland University of Technology. The “right tree should be planted at the right time in the right place.”

• Tree species that grow fast are able to store carbon more rapidly, but slower, bigger trees will ultimately store more in the long run.

• Non-native trees may be better at absorbing carbon efficiently than native species, so keep an open mind to their role.

• When choosing a species to plant, trust local foresters and the community that will have to live alongside and nurture them.

Natural climate solutions can also help society adapt to the inevitable changes ahead. Zita Sebesvari, head of environmental vulnerability and ecosystem services at United Nations University, argues that the value of rewilding is twofold: removing the carbon dioxide that exacerbates climate change while mitigating its impacts.

How to feed the planet

Leaving room for nature seems radical when humans currently exploit more than 70 per cent of the Earth’s ice-free surface, much of it to grow food. It’s estimated that a third of all greenhouse gas emissions originate with agriculture — from deforesting farmland to raising livestock that belch methane.

Farming for meat and dairy can use up to 100 times the land area to produce a single gram of protein compared to beans, nuts and other plant sources. Little wonder that people are encouraged to eat less meat and dairy.

Alessandro Demaio, a fellow in global health at the University of Copenhagen, recommends a “planetary health diet,” which involves reducing meat intake in Western countries by 50 per cent. He also calls for:

• Recycling organic waste as fertilizer and investing in agroforestry — where trees are grown around crops to increase biodiversity.

• Breeding drought-resistant crop strains, making animal feed more nutritious and creating additives that can make livestock emit 30-per-cent less methane.

• Reducing food waste and restoring land and ocean habitats.

Sean Beer, a lecturer in agriculture at Bournemouth University, argues that eating more local and seasonal produce could go some way to decarbonizing agriculture.

Reviving traditional food supply systems may also be key to guaranteeing sustainable diets for all, says Jagannath Adhikari, a sessional lecturer at the University of New South Wales.

Globally, more than 820 million people suffer from hunger, and about two billion people face moderate food insecurity, meaning they do not always know when their next meal will come. After a decade of slow decline, climate change is driving this number up again, particularly in Africa and Asia, where competition over land for both farming and forest conservation is acute.

In parts of the Himalayas, the answer to this problem is “food forests.” Local people plant useful trees and grow crops in the woodland near their homes, and protect what grows there naturally. They harvest what they need — mushrooms, honey, roots and edible plants — and sell any surplus at a market. Since community rights were restored to forest management here, worrying trends in deforestation and poverty have been reversed.

Climate action means transforming the economy

Some politicians are now supporting policies that address climate change by transforming national economies under the umbrella of a Green New Deal. Spain’s socialist party was recently re-elected on a Green New Deal platform, for example, and, in the U.K., the Labour Party has voted in favour of one.

The idea was born in the U.K. in 2007, but has been gaining ground around the world lately, especially in the U.S. where it has been championed by congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. Although the specifics vary, a Green New Deal involves large investments in clean energy sector jobs and infrastructure to decarbonize the economy and correct inequalities through job guarantees and universal basic services such as free public transport and health care. Governments would also be expected to slash or eliminate the billions they spend subsidizing the cost of fossil fuels.

Experts also urge the inclusion of the insurance industry in Green New Deal discussions. A recent report from Cambridge University emphasized the large losses insurers will face under climate change and warns that it could spark a global financial crisis.

Already, there has been a slew of lawsuits against the largest fossil fuel companies in an effort to hold them accountable for misleading the public on the risks of climate change while selling products that have contributed to it. Litigation, thus far, has not been successful, but the tide may be turning.

In the U.S., more than a dozen cities, counties and states are seeking damages from energy companies for the the costs of climate change, from retrofitting storm drains to upgrading sea walls. These lawsuits draw on litigation against tobacco companies and on scientific research that attributes greenhouse gas emissions to energy companies.

For example, in Europe a German court has agreed to hear a Peruvian farmer’s case against the German energy giant RWE for its role in melting the glaciers near his hometown of Huaraz and raising the risks of landslides and flooding.

As the impacts of climate change become more clear, Thunberg is not the only one questioning the “fairy tales of eternal economic growth.”

Producing stuff consumes energy, and producing more stuff, whether it’s fast fashion or smartphones, means the growing consumption of energy.

“This makes it very hard to decarbonize the economy,” says Simon Mair at the University of Surrey. If we stopped chasing productivity growth, decarbonization would come easier, we’d have less “crap,” he says, and we might start investing time and human energy into good jobs that matter, like teaching and nursing.

The media is finally listening to the experts

Despite the potentially massive implications of a two-degree-Celsius rise in global temperature, climate change has remained low on the news agenda. Journalists and their news organizations have largely failed to give climate change the attention it deserves and have failed to press political figures on climate issues and policies.

Years ago, climate journalists threw away the notion of putting scientific fact and climate denier opinion on equal ground. Other media are finally catching up and providing analysis and verification, and improving the scientific literacy of their audience. They are connecting climate change to local stories, focusing on solutions (instead of “doom and gloom” coverage) and adjusting their language to describe the “climate crisis.”

These shifts in journalism may yield more action on climate change. Young people tend to avoid negative news headlines; they don’t want their climate coverage to present a bleak and certain future. Instead, they want stories about the “system change” necessary to create zero-carbon societies, says Julie Doyle, from the University of Brighton. It’s not that they can’t handle the bad news, but that “they wanted to be involved in rethinking socioeconomic systems, and are inspired and empowered by working together.”

That’s why “system change not climate change” has become the rallying cry of the young climate strikers.

Thunberg’s journey from a lonely vigil outside the Swedish parliament to a Nobel Peace Prize nominee at the head of a global movement took just over a year. It seems the world really is waking up, but now comes the hard part — changing the systems that fuel the climate crisis before it’s too late.