Opinion

Attawapiskat: Haiti at 40 Below Zero

New media made us look. Now let's put fixing this 'state of emergency' into context.

By Crawford Kilian, 7 Dec 2011, TheTyee.ca

Footage from November 2011 visit to Attawapiskat by MP Charlie Angus, MPP Gilles Bisson, Mushkegowuk Grand Chief Stan Louttit, Deputy Grand Chief Leo Friday and Dr. John Waddell. 

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Even squalor has a web presence in a high-tech world. The Cree community of Attawapiskat has its own website (under construction). A page on Wikipedia tells us the community has at least six TV channels and three radio stations including CBC Radio One. They can see and hear the rest of us, but until now we haven't seen or heard them.

Thanks to the new media, that's changed almost overnight. A ten-minute YouTube video by Timmins-James Bay MP Charlie Angus that you can play at the top of this story has played a major part in getting our attention.

Seeing the way people live in Attawapiskat is a shock. In a shack with no water, and electricity via an extension cord from next door, small children watch a big flat-screen TV showing them how the rest of the country lives.

In Attawapiskat, a couple of abandoned trailers now house over 90 people. Like the shacks and tents heated by oil-drum wood stoves, the trailers are a major fire hazard. In Charlie Angus's video, a doctor quietly lists the health hazards of these living conditions: respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, skin infections, mental health problems.

'How does anyone feed their families?'

CBC TV reporter Adrienne Arsenault, visiting with other media, tweeted that she'd "Bought 6 apples and 4 small bottles of juice in #attawapiskat for $23.50. With those prices how does anyone feed their families in these fly in communities?" One of the ironies of aboriginal housing is that it's cheaper to feed kids candy and entertain them with cartoons on a flat-screen TV than to build them a safe, warm, clean house and feed them properly.

Attawapiskat should not have come as a surprise. In a June 2011 report, the Office of the Auditor General noted that the federal government (Indian Affairs and Northern Development Canada (INAC) and the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC)) spent $1.486 billion on aboriginal housing between 2004 and 2009. In that time, Ottawa paid for 9,362 new housing units and 13,062 major renovations.

But existing housing was decaying and demand for new housing was growing. According to INAC (now Aboriginal Affairs), demand for housing on reserves rose to over 20,000 units in 2008-09 from 8,500 in 2003-04, a leap of over 135 per cent. Five per cent of aboriginal housing needed replacement in those five years, and 40 per cent needed major renovations. The average cost per house, built or significantly renovated, rose by 50 per cent, to $64,000 from $42,750. Attawapiskat Chief Theresa Spence has said the cost of a new house on her reserve is $250,000.

The auditor general estimated that in 2009 First Nations reserves needed "20,000 plus" new or renovated houses. Irving Leblanc of the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) told The Tyee in a phone interview that the backlog is closer to 85,000. On page 54 of its detailed Housing Policy Guide, the AFN has argued that any reserve house should include one bedroom for each adult or couple, one for each child aged 16 or older, one for two children of the same sex up to age 16 and one for two children of opposite sex up to age 5. Let's say four bedrooms will meet most families' needs.

$250,000 for a shell

Leblanc told The Tyee that Chief Spence's estimate of $250,000 per unit reflects the remoteness of Attawapiskat. Even then, the services for that unit -- electricity, water, sewers -- would be paid for out of a separate program. On average across Canada, Leblanc said, the cost of a First Nations housing unit is about $150,000. Again, that's just for the unserviced unit.

AttawapiskatMap.jpg

Let's assume that in 2012 the reserves need 85,000 housing units, and that each unit (with heat, running water, a toilet, and at least a septic field) costs $200,000. That would mean a commitment of $17 billion to meet the current need.

$17 billion looks like a lot of money. But as a recent Tyee article noted, the U.S. Government Accounting Office projects that the F-35 stealth fighter will cost $156 million per unit. The Harper government plans to buy 65 of them, which would require $10.4 billion tax dollars -- plus untold amounts in maintenance over 20 or 30 years.

Penitentiaries as First Nations housing

Or you could look at $17 billion as roughly the cost of running Correctional Service Canada (CSC) for five years. CSC in 2012-13 plans to spend $3.178 billion. Much of that will be spent on First Nations inmates; they make up 17 per cent of the prison population though First Nations are just 2.7 per cent of the Canadian population. In effect, our prisons are just another First Nations housing program, and a very expensive one.

The contrast between spending for the military and prisons and spending for aboriginal housing points to an odd Conservative fondness for what economist Paul Krugman calls "weaponized Keynesianism": Government spending for useless destructive technology is great, but government spending that might actually improve people's lives and enhance the economy is despised.

While many reserve homes are social housing, fully subsidized by CMHC, some reserve residents have to buy, lease or rent their housing, usually from their own band office. The process is elaborate, expensive and bureaucratic. As the First Nations Building Officers Association pointed out last summer, many reserve homes are so shoddily built that the foundations need repair every five years -- adding $120,000 to the cost of the house over its 50-year life cycle.

Sweat equity in aboriginal housing

But lower housing costs are available in exchange for "sweat equity" -- the purchasers helping to build their own homes. That policy might be extended and improved by offering trades training to reserve residents, and then putting them to work as band employees on building more homes. Building to rigorous standards would ensure safer, cheaper housing in the long run.

Actually committing to a countrywide First Nations housing program would have obvious benefits, and not just to the First Nations themselves. The construction industry would thrive. Trades training would enable many young First Nations people to build homes both on and off reserve. As one of our fastest-growing demographics, such workers would contribute to the tax base supporting aging Canadians. And aboriginal people living in clean, warm, dry houses are likely to make fewer demands on social and health services.

The public-health disaster in Attawapiskat has been going on for years if not decades. Like earlier First Nations horror stories, it could be a one-week wonder as the media loses interest. The issue is how to sustain that interest so we can address aboriginal housing nationwide with the same urgency we are belatedly giving to this one small community. The temptation of our politicians will be to hold a few meetings and let our First Nations continue to suffer chronic misery as Haiti does -- but Haiti at 40 below.

[Tags: Housing, Rights and Justice, Planning and Architecture, Politics.]  [Tyee]

24  Comments:

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  • Granville

    1 year ago

    Give them all pellet stoves.

    It makes as much sense as buildings made of lumber that is imported by ice road.

    These First Nation communities are surrounded by nature's own building materials. It is called wood and it grows on trees. Long before there were short-skirted bureaucrats in Ottawa, the Woodland Cree were building log cabins and living quite well in them. Along come the suits who say all houses must be built 'to code' with polythene vapour barriers and the resultant mold that rots everything in five years.

    Let the natives cut their own wood, mill it and build their own homes. It is called economic development and self-reliance.

    Instead, we are giving them propane heaters that need - propane that must be trucked in -when all they need is a chainsaw and an axe.

    If we keep building their houses for them, they will never feel ownership. Besides, they are a lot more skilled than we give them credit for.

    By the way, I know a guy who put a pellet stove in a house in Ocean Falls. The nearest pellet store is 500 miles away by ferry, and it costs a fortune to buy fuel. He is surrounded by trees, but he must have missed that. Gotta have that pellet stove. It must be a status symbol.

    Wood-burning stoves are too quiet anyway. There is no drama involved, is there?

  • iancormier

    1 year ago

    Turn the comparison around

    Canada has claimed a leading development role in Afghanistan and Haiti. But if Canada can't even provide water and homes to Attawapiskat...

  • Fiat lux

    1 year ago

    This whole sick, fraudulent

    This whole sick, fraudulent economic system we live under is built on dependency on ruling sectors, enslaving the world.

    Wait what will happen when some disaster cuts supplies and services to Vancouver or other mega cities, while governments and their big business bosses demand more rural depopulation and the jamming of more people into human zoos to "raise the GDP".

    If political parties had any sense, they would plan and develop the highest degree of self sufficiency from the family level to communities and nations.

    That's how we survived the depression, by our parents making, growing things and our families surviving on pennies. We learned our lesson, have built our own self sufficient system and now, in our old age, live very well on our pensions many people in cities are starving on.

    But that wouldn't be profitable for the Lords of the Universe, so they're doing everything with their "conservative" , bought politicians to force people to "consume", so they can report "growth".

    There are a thousand things people in isolated communities could do and make, but nobody ever showed them how and what to do, because we're now a "consumer society" that doesn't make, but imports and buys things from our "trading partners".

    Ed Deak.

  • woodworker

    1 year ago

    Move away

    There is 90% unemployment and no hope of work. When a mine closes down the workers move away. You can pour money into this place forever and there is no way it will improve. Give these people a choice. STay there and make their own way or we will help them move to where they can be self supporting. However they will have to work and not be dependent of government money. Why are we building houses and keeping these people where there is no hope of improving their situation.
    By their own history, when the food was scarce they migrated to where there was food. Keep that tradition.

  • Luck

    1 year ago

    OUR HOME AND NATIVE LAND

    ONCE THE PC DICTATOR GETS HOME FROM HIS TRAVELS ABROAD HE SAID HE WOULD LOOK INTO IT.

    ottawapiskat IS THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG. MORE TO COME OUT AS THIS STORY GROWS.

    LETS CALL IN THE TROOPS AND UNITED NATION.

    MAYBE THIS WILL HELP THE P CONS TAKE A CLOSER LOOK.

    OH WELL WOLF EYES GOT THE PRESS COVERAGE HE
    CRAVES

    TOO BAD THIS ONE IS GOING TO BACKFIRE INTO A NON CONFIDENCE VOTE WITH THE REMAINING OPPOSITION.

    [ALLUSION TO VIOLENCE REMOVED. -MODERATOR.]

    SMART MP IT AINT TO LATE TO CROSS THE FLOOR

  • alive

    1 year ago

    What gives?

    Pardon my ignorance, but since when is it our responsibility to provide houses to the aboriginals?
    When whatever contract was signed they lived in conditons where they had no power or running water, and built their own living quarters.
    When the ink was dry they suddenly need to be spoonfed?

    When my septic system fail, guess who has to pay to get it fixed? ---- My income is probably less that theirs and I pay sales tax on top of it.

    I can only shake my head when they show a hole in the floor and tell us it has leaked cold air in for 6-7 years!

    A piece of cardboard over that hole would be a simple improvement, that even a 5 year old could figure out!

  • Fiat lux

    1 year ago

    The whole American continents

    The whole American continents also Australia , much of Africa and Asia , etc. have been taken by force from aboriginals and when something is taken , stolen, or bought from anybody, there should be payments.

    Even if the claim was that it was God who gave all these lands to us Europeans.

    The funny thing is that God never gives anything, owned by corporations or individuals, to anybody without demanding rents and payments .

    We've paid cash for our land, given to somebody by the government, under the Homesteader's Act, we have the papers, but not to the original aboriginal owners, so how did the government of the day get it and how did they pay for it, to give it away ?

    Ed Deak.

  • Skywalker

    1 year ago

    Sometimes the lack of knowledge about the history..

    ..of First Nations and their treatment by Canada is appalling. It is reflected in some comments. Crawford has put the issue in real terms and still we have the same reactions from those who can't seem to grasp the enormity of what was done to them by moving them off the land they owned and which sustained them onto little reserves and making them wards of the state with all their activities controlled by an agent. It should be classed as a crime against humanity because this is the result.

    The idiocy now is the cry that now suddenly we should declare everyone "equal" and go and to fend for themselves while we the privileged, who control their former land base, refuse to deal with the tragedy our system has created. Our knowledge of our history should make is wiser but alas it is so easy to forget.

    Thanks Crawford for this article.

  • OwlRol

    1 year ago

    Colonial thinking still around

    No end to colonialisms's residuals, even in some of the comments above.

    "They can follow their traditional nomadic lifestyles", follow the cariboo. Hardly, outside of their small reserves. And woodland cariboo are becoming more scarce.

    "They can move to places where the jobs are." If they have the sorely lacking education and skills, can't seem to find enough of that even in Canada's general population.

    And examine the paper called "The Roots of Addiction" to see how leaving one's roots, community and loved ones leads to all sorts of abuses including the spread of HIV/AIDS and more. Just look at Fort McCrack or Vancouver's downtown east side.

    "They can build their own wood homes." Great with Douglas fir or Red cedar, but the stunted Black spruce and other skimpy tree species up there might provide firewood, disposable Japanese chopsticks or pulping for toilet paper, even tent poles and other struts, but hardly log cabins.

    If you don't believe this, watch the video and look carefully in the distance between the house shacks. Go a little further north and even that is rare in the tundra. The lumber you see was brought in.

    I must be ignorant, but I don't see how a septic field works in permafrost and long, sometimes ultra cold winters. Digging an outhouse pit would be a considerable feat, although DeBeers has the equipment to dig large, open pit, diamond mines, witha llits tailings and water use.

    There may be a combination of ancient and modern technologies to build homes. Pioneers to the prairies built sod houses and modern, thick walled, cob homes provide great insulation, well liked by their inhabitants. If well designed and built, there is no mould and little fire hazzard. Some of the needed materials can be found there.

    But the residents on the shores of James Bay, not Ottawa, would have to make well informed decisions, pro and con, if such would be appropriate to meet their needs.

    But housing and sanitation are only the first of many problems brought on by colonialism, old and modern, and its concomitant capitalist and land issues.

    The various forms of assimilation, as attempted for the past 150 years, to get rid of and forget the problems of cultural contact and exchange, are totally immoral and truly detract from Canadian diversity, except in the narrowest of economic terms.

  • Crawford

    1 year ago

    A comment from De Beers (1)

    Today The Tyee received an email from Mr. Tom Ormsby, Director, External & Corporate Affairs. Here is an extended excerpt:

    I just wanted to touch base for background regarding the reference to
    trailers in the Crawford Kilian article "Attawapiskat: Haiti at 40 below
    zero" and provide some clarity around those trailers, as they were
    donated to the community by our company.

    The reference in the article is 'In Attawapiskat, a couple of abandoned
    trailers now house over 90 people'.

    For the purpose of clarity and future reference, the trailers were not
    'abandoned'. The trailers were donated to the community in the winter of 2009 by the De Beers Canada Victor Mine as the community is prone to flooding during ice break up each spring on the Attawapiskat River. The trailers were taken from the numerous trailers we had at the mine site that were brought in during the construction phase of the mine.

    These are large, industrial style remote accommodations used commonly at mine sites and other project locations across Canada. We brought these trailers in for the hundreds of workers who were on site during the construction of the Victor Mine and many of those trailers continued to be used at our mine site today - six years after first being brought to our site.

  • Crawford

    1 year ago

    A comment from De Beers (2)

    The 'two trailers' are actually multiple units constructed into two large sections, similar to the style used for a number of our employees at the mine. At the mine, the trailers are configured to provide a dorm style room for approximately 49 people and also include a common shower area, a common washroom area and laundry facilities.

    In the final days of the 2009 winter road season after discussions with
    the community and their review of the trailers, we disassembled the
    units, prepared them for shipment over the winter road and reconfigured our back haul program to deliver these trailers to the community before the road closed for the season. Fortunately that year, there was no severe spring flood in the community and the trailers were not needed. The community was at liberty to use the trailers for whatever purpose best suited their needs.

    Later that summer, a sewage back up in the community forced the evacuation of ten homes and approximately 100 people. For the rest of the summer and into the fall, those displaced were living in a combination of hotels, with family, wherever they could. By late fall, most had returned to the community and had no permanent place to live as their homes were still not suitable. The situation then was as severe as it is now, perhaps even more so as it appears more people were involved back then.

    At our own expense, we flew in project managers and crews to work with local crews in Attawapiskat over a period of 2-3 weeks. We redesigned and re-installed the trailers to make them available for those displaced. Part of the redesign took into account there would be
    families and those with mobility issues. Instead of leaving the common
    shower areas and common washroom areas that are in use in the trailers at our mine, those areas were modified somewhat to put in some bathtubs and more privacy. Those who stay in the trailers are our mine leave their trailers to eat in the common kitchen/dining room.

  • Crawford

    1 year ago

    A comment from De Beers (3)

    The donated trailers were modified to provide some form of kitchen for those needing to use the trailers. We also purchased some furniture for the units.

    The combined in-kind and cash cost of the donated trailers totaled
    approximately $3 million.

    Again, these trailers were meant to be a temporary solution to a similar housing crisis in Attawapiskat in the winter of 2009/2010. I just wanted to provide additional background and context should your publication find the need to refer to these trailers again in the future.
    *****
    The Tyee is grateful for this explanation.

  • lynn

    1 year ago

    Well said, Mr. Kilian

    Attawapiskat....and The Occupied Movement....Katrina and New Orleans reveal the Western world as it really is, and not as it pretends to be. We are not the free and civilized sanctuary we in the West like to imagine ourselves as.

    Two excellent posts by Fiat Lux tell us why.

    Is there any greater irony than the irony that those who have allowed corporate corruption and the banksters to recklessly dismantle effective social systems, to poison the natural world and to take the world to the brink of destruction are now self-righteously insisting on third party management of First Nations? What arrogance. What sly buffoonery.

    Why not third party management for the sick imbeciles presently in power who want to spend billions on prisons and on F-35 stealth fighters?

    Why not third party management for the sick governing forces of BC who cheerleadered for, and chose a new sports arena roof over addressing a decade of the highest child poverty rate in Canada? How crazy cruel is that? Just another example in a long, long winding road of ruling class corruption, fraud... and waste.

    Where is the accountability and oversight over the real crooks and greedy pirates that have 'mismanaged' the future of mankind into near extinction?

    Skywalker is right, the history of the treatment of First Nations by Canada, clearly defined now by the resulting tragedy in Attawapiskat, IS a crime against humanity.

    Our so-called 'government's' refusal to act with any real caring and any real effectiveness is not only immensely negligent, but immensely criminal.

    Not surprising though.

    Knowing that substandard wood was shipped from BC for the building of homes in First Nations communities in northern Manitoba, knowing that third party management is an intentional trumping of First Nations own governing autonomy, one can clearly understand why Attawapaskit is now refusing to accept more of the same trickery that the duplicitous Harper government now offers in the guise of aid.

  • Fiat lux

    1 year ago

    I wouldn't call the Harper

    I wouldn't call the Harper government dubious.

    They just don't have the brains to be.

    The court just shot down the destruction of the Wheat Board, because the farmers weren't asked, therefore it is illegal, but they're going ahead with it anyway. So much for their love of laws and crime Bill.

    As far the natives are concerned, they're not foreign investors from communist China, the new heroes for all good capitalists, don't jack up the GDP, so Harper just doesn't give a damn.

    Ed Deak.

  • greengreen

    1 year ago

    stimulus program?

    This housing issue sure seems like a basis for one hell of a stimulus package-Canadian supplies, Canadian workforce. Maybe even better than jets, prisons or gazebos!

  • OwlRol

    1 year ago

    Thanks Crawford & Mr. Ormsby, for this info

    Thanks Crawford & Mr. Tom Ormsby of De Beers. One correction for my part, one observation and two questions here.

    Building on flood plain or other areas prone to flooding is likely not suitable for sod or cob construction (although its been done many times in Canadian history-think Saskatchewan & Red river). It requires building on stilts, again not suitable in such arctic conditions, building on earth and stone mounds to raise the foundations above flood levels, building with expensive waterproof foundations, or moving to higher ground, of which there isn't much in that region. Ouch. Need a combination of traditional knowledge and creative genius here. I don't know, but it was likely not inhabited during spring thaw in previous eras.

    "By late fall, most had returned to the community and had no permanent place to live as their homes were still not suitable." This surely shows these people's attachment to the land, despite all obstacles.

    "approximately $3 million". Sounds generous and compassionate, compared to $0. But how much profit has De Beers extracted from the Victor diamond mine and what percentage of the profis did these folks receive?

    Finally, after most of "the hundreds of workers who were on site during the construction" left for other destinations, what did De Beers intend to do with those now mostly unneeded trailers, "six years after first being brought to our site" and how much would it cost to remove these used products elsewhere?

    Altruism, maybe, PR, surely, win-win, ask the people who live there.

  • margot

    1 year ago

    high speed internet

    Does anyone remember CBC radio school broadcasts? Their main purpose was probably to reach remote communities. I loved listening when I was little in the 40s and early 50s. Attawapiskat has high speed internet, with amazing potential for educational opportunities for all ages.

    Someone somewhere must have video of how people, living at equivalent latitudes and on similar terrain, build suitable homes that last. Enough of the southern dogma and misuse of vapour barriers. Consult with Sami experts. Last year there was also talk of imminent telemedicine service.

    http://wawataynews.ca/archive/all/2010/3/4/Highspeed-Internet-arrives-on-James-Bay_19291

    A circumpolar network seems a very exciting idea: sharing of meetings, music, dance, simultaneous feasts of healthy food. Skills, wildlife, sporting celebrations. Any enthusiast at either end would be better than google translate. Northern youtube would have to be more fun than dancing cats. I'd certainly stray from my late night jukebox of my wandering youth and all those long speeches to watch people thousands of miles apart cook similar fish five different ways.

    Interesting how the high speed got up there soon after the mine was established. "Western James Bay Telecom Network leases the fibre optic cable from Five Nations Energy Inc., which installed the fibre optic cable during construction of the new transmission line to the De Beers Victor diamond mine 90 kilometres west of Attawapiskat."

    It was pricey. "The $8 million fibre optic and wireless network was launched through $1.5 million in funding from Northern Ontario Heritage Fund Corporation, $500,000 from FedNor, $165,000 from Health Canada, $100,000 from Mushkegowuk Council and more than $150,000 from Attawapiskat, Kashechewan and Fort Albany."

  • margot

    1 year ago

    the extension cords

    De Beers did a dance for a power supply at the Victor Mine, with transmission lines from the south passing through Attawapiskat and several other communities en route. The plan fell through, and the mine runs on trucked in petro.

    http://www.hydroone.com/RegulatoryAffairs/Documents/Archives/EB-2004-0545/EB-04-545_English_NOA-NOWH.pdf

    We see extension cords and elsewhere black insulation, the floor is cold, and the children have bare feet. Might this not be how investors view the mining conditions? Ah, the galling expense of fuel for generators, imagine the fuel just to get it there, ah the carbon footprint of it all.

    There's a kaleidoscope of things to point at. Let's keep track of what gets done when.

  • Iwannajob

    1 year ago

    Gas Duncan

    Great comments on this story but the first thing that needs to be done is FIRE the minister in "charge". John Duncan needs to be sent packing NOW! He sat as opposition critic to the very portfolio he now holds, he must have known all about conditions on reserves all over Canada. The crap has risen to the top, now its time to flush it.

  • margot

    1 year ago

    What, when, who gets $1300/day

    hot off the CBC:

    The federal government is forcing the troubled Attawapiskat First Nation to pay a private-sector consultant about $1,300 a day to run its finances — even though the government's own assessments say the third-party management system is not cost-effective.

    Aboriginal Affairs officials told The Canadian Press they have an agreement to pay Jacques Marion of BDO Canada LLP a total of $180,000 to look after the reserve's accounts from now until June 30.

    The money comes from the Attawapiskat First Nation's budget.

    That rate over the course of a year would run up to $300,000 and easily pay for at least one nice, solid house, notes Mushkegowuk Grand Chief Stan Louttit.

  • anne cameron

    1 year ago

    betcha

    Ten years from now, regardless which political party is in power, things will not have improved much in any of the too-many reserve villages in this home and native land. Much and all as I detest Harper and his pinch-penny cabal, as much as I hate his assault on all social programmes, he and his cabal did not invent nor start this national disgrace. The Libs were right in there for year after year after year of neglect and deliberate deprivation. This is just another form of smallpox blankets, another chapter in a long history of genocide.

  • jimorsheryl

    1 year ago

    Totally Politically Incorrect

    I can hear the screams of 'racist red-ncek' from here.
    But how come the Native leadership gets a complete pass on this whole crisis?? The chief of this tribe looks pretty 'white' to me, with the fancy hairdo, designer glasses and fancy fingernails.
    All the time saying it is not about the money, it is about her people. I presume however she is looking for money and not just advice??
    Is it only me, or does anyone else wonder why this concerned chief hasn't been getting press attention before this? Why wait until winter comes blowing in to try and solve the problem? Why not during the warm summer building months?
    As much as I understand the issue with mold growing in your house being a health issue, bleach and water does kill it, you don't have to wait for it to spread and cover your whole wall. I have issues in my own home, which I suppose if ignored might look gross, but twice a year cleaning stops the problem.
    If this group is living on their traditional lands, how did they survive without our help? They probably did better before we came along and 'helped' them become civilized.
    Their chief may say it ain't about the money, but maybe that is just because she doesn't want anyone taking a close look at how she manages it????
    Just sayin'.....

  • snert

    1 year ago

    anne cameron

    Quote:
    This is just another form of smallpox blankets, another chapter in a long history of genocide.

    We all know that but rather than restate the obvious, just what do you suggest to fix the problem, after all, the genocide is self inflicted to a degree.

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    1 year ago

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