Artsculture

China's Sexual Revolution

A nation's sleeping libido awakens.

By Vanessa Richmond, 8 Nov 2007, TheTyee.ca

Mao dolls

Mao waves goodbye to his revolution.

The tanks are parked. Kids are kissing in Tiananmen Square. And if a new documentary is right, it's the kissing that's leading to more personal liberty than any form of rebellion since the Cultural Revolution began.

According to China's Sexual Revolution, by Miro Cernetig and Josh Freed, Chairman Mao married sexuality with capitalism (as forms of corruption and decadence). But now Chinese youth are embracing both with a passion. At warp speed, in fact. There are probably people necking in front of his statue right now, and that's just for starters.

Here's what happened. Sixty years ago, Mao turned "couples into comrades and not lovers, and cloaked men and women in the same unisexual suits," according to the film's narrator. Makeup was forbidden, and hairstyles were dictated by the government (they were not what you would call flattering). Men and women were supposed to feel only like brothers and sisters, and were supposed to regard sex merely as reproductive labour. Instead, they were supposed to get on with more important work. Um, like making cheap plastic sex toys for the rest of the world (70 per cent of which now come from China).

Why? The communist party regarded sex as an outdated feudal custom. And as Dr. Pan Sue Ming, a scholar featured in the doc says, they considered it dangerous since the Revolution needed "a man to want to fight against someone, but sex makes you love and happy." The party even chose people's spouses. And there were propaganda films portraying people who believed in "romance" as foolish, and a source of shame to their families.

Virgin lust

The film reports that secretly, Mao's own sex life was "worthy of an emperor." He, in fact, had a lust for virgins, whom he believed kept him young. "And his sexual excesses are now legend." But he didn't want his comrades comingling.

As a result there are many Chinese people with as much sexual knowledge as I have of the Mandarin language (I know two words). In fact, a recent survey found that 20 per cent of Chinese men didn't know what the clitoris is and 50 per cent of Chinese women had never had an orgasm. Sounds super.

One male student from Beijing recently called in to Whispers, a radio sex show (which is now one of the most popular shows in the nation) with a question. He wondered if he could have made a girl pregnant or got AIDS himself from their encounter. The incident in question was one where he and a girl kissed and hugged (and that's all) while wearing winter coats.

In the past, the government would have cracked down not only on the naughty public kiss but also on the radio show, but now, realizing whole generations lack adequate sexual information and it's leading to restlessness and resentment of the government, they tolerate it. The government has even come to tolerate sex conferences, complete with sex toy sales and video demonstrations, often flooded by as many as 15,000 people; whereas they used to shut them down. And Beijing alone has 5,000 sex shops, more than New York -- all of which are allowed to dispense free sex ed and sell lingerie and sex toys -- without bother.

It seems sex ed really is needed -- the film has other anecdotes about the level of sexual information out there. One couple, recently married, went to a health information centre to ask about "marital relations." The counselors soon realized they were both virgins. The couple thought sex entailed touching legs in bed. When I spoke to him, Cernetig said when he heard these two stories, he was shocked. But he's since heard countless more.

Raunch meets Revolution

Now, I've asked a few male friends about this. All said no one specifically told them the details about the birds and the bees, but they were pretty sure that a certain part of their anatomy was meant to make contact with something else -- anything else, in fact. And the idea that leg-touching could be "it" seemed, to them, hard to buy. But as a woman, who grew up before so-called third wave feminism made pole dancing and lingerie-in-high-school the norm (have you seen Gossip Girl?), I can see that with sexual repression 100 times stronger than what I experienced, that kind of deep ignorance is not only possible but likely.

Young people in the film are aware they're under a cloak of darkness and are moving into the cities in droves in order to shed it. The phrase "Sex and the City" comes up frequently, albeit in interesting translations. There's even a word for the first city haircut a country girl gets -- and it represents a kind of metamorphosis. And on the documentary, one such country-bumpkin-transformation says she's now working as a waitress, and gets shocked when she sees men and women kissing in the restaurant -- she sticks out her tongue. But she sticks around.

Another, Xiao Feng, the editor of the Chinese equivalent of FHM is in her 30s and still not interested in getting married. "Once, I would have had a husband and love him and do everything for him. But now we can do things just for ourselves." She says this would have been unheard of even a few years ago, and her parents still aren't pleased. But she'll continue the way she is. And many other women are leaving party-arranged, loveless marriages to pursue the city life too, creating an urban divorce rate comparable to ours.

Feng, and many other "city girls" are glamorous. But most women in the doc aren't. In fact, one of the most striking things about the documentary is the images of women not subject to "beauty" obsession present elsewhere, like here.

I covered the Miss China World pageant for a magazine a few years ago, and let's just say most women in the film don't look like they just stepped off that stage. It threw me for a minute, to see women not so elaborately commercially groomed, and it was also a relief. There was a kind of innocence -- meaning un-self-consciousness -- that I definitely don't experience here. And unlike when I watch "normal" TV, I wasn't constantly measuring myself against the women in the shows. Instead, I was just drawn in to what they were saying.

It's the feminist irony. On the one hand, I wanted them to find liberation and their dreams. On the other, I wanted to warn them against looking for it in a lip gloss.

Dancing without the stars

In fact, the most charming thing about the doc is the images -- shots of ordinary people and of places like night clubs. In the last clubs I went to, in Vancouver, New York and even London, most people looked bored and jaded (maybe nightclubs have "ended" but that's another story). Not so in Beijing. The club-goers look like they've been locked away until this very minute and have just seen color, warmth, music, booze, drugs and the opposite sex for the first time. There's joy on their faces and in their uninhibited dancing. It's worth watching this film just to see the wholehearted enjoyment.

But it's not all rosy -- and unlike most docs that focus on sexy topics, this one delves into the complex sociological implications of the trends.

The one child policy was meant to curb overpopulation, and on the good side (depending on whom you ask) had the unintended consequence of liberating women to pursue other things like education and paid employment. But solving the population problem created social problems -- given the culture's strong preference for boys, there will be 30 million more men than women within the decade.

Cernetig says for him, it was the saddest part of the research. In the cities, there are whole armies of men who will never have a girlfriend or a wife. They've moved from the country to make a certain kind of life and won't ever have it. And a form of class-ism is building. Working class men in the film talk about how they know they will never get a wife because they don't own an apartment and they aren't at least 173 centimetres tall.

"There is already a rising sense of gang violence in China," he says, "and it's getting harder to control. And that's the reason. A lot of men have nothing to lose. They go to Beijing only to find they will never be a Beijinger."

And it's also given rise to a thriving, brand new sex trade, not unlike that of Thailand's bordellos -- to serve those men. Some scenes show "karaoke bars," shot with a secret camera, where a hundred women sit in a basement, waiting for a client/john to purchase their services for the evening. Cernetig says the dungeon-like grimness there is one of the things that shocked him most.

So what can we learn from watching a sped-up version of the 1960s North American revolution take place at warp speed? Cernetig says, "One is that the Chinese are more like us than you might think. And the other is that it's a very layered place and a lot of what you see about the great rise of China actually masks a lot of problems."

China's Sexual Revolution premieres tonight on CBC, repeating Nov. 10.

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13  Comments:

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  • James Burns

    4 years ago

    Saftey and Sexuality 1

    The difference between so-called communist cultures is amazing. I recall ages ago the Americans loved to portray, communists, as dull, monochrome, sexless and mindlessly violent fanatics. They were essentially shown to be automatons. Of course female Russian spies in the James Bond films were always gorgeous and fell quickly in love with him, after the requisite but brief ideological resistance; blooming into real womanhood only under Bond's attentions (yeah right).

    The funny thing was, it was only the Cubans who, if they ever appeared, had that darkly dangerous sexual nature. I guess even Hollywood scriptwriters couldn't convince themselves that Latin Americans, even the communist ones, could be sexless.

    China and Cuba are interesting contrasts. When I was last in Havana in February, of the few tourists I encountered (I intentionally avoid tourist areas when I'm there) I was surprised at the number of Chinese nationals I met who were there both on business and as tourists. And I have to admit, from what experience I have of both, the two cultures couldn't be more different.

    The writer above mentions that she was refreshed by the unselfconscious nature many Chinese women had toward their sexuality. That unselfconsciousness clearly due to their poverty of experience. I find that an interesting contrast with the average Cuban woman who is clothed head to toe in her sexual nature, yet wears it with comfort, and displays it as naturally as every breath she takes.

    I've always been puzzled by that comfort, primarily because I find it to be so sharply different to women here in Canada. I've always suspected that the pressures our consumer culture places on women distorts and magnifies their natural evolutionary drives, specifically their need to appear attractive. Advertising harps relentlessly on that concern in an effort to sell women all manner of beauty enhancements. And through simple repetition, it keeps female attention glued to that concern, and in a constant state of worry about it. Culture does explain some of it as well, as all Latin Americans, in my experience, tend to be more physically affectionate, and just generally more friendly in nature, or at least less rushed than Canadians.

  • James Burns

    4 years ago

    Saftey and Sexuality 2

    But I'm also beginning to think just general issues of safety and female empowerment have a lot to do with that level of comfort. Cuba, like most Scandinavian countries, has an extensive system of government services and support, especially for women. They have universal health care, easy access to reproductive control, whether contraceptives or abortion, universal childcare, easy and extensive universal access to psychological and sexual counciling, easy access to divorce, free education to the highest levels, with no gender restrictions on any profession, very low rates of violence toward women and children, guaranteed shelter and standard of living (although in Cuba it is pretty close to a subsistence level due to shortages caused by the US embargo). Given those similarities, I probably shouldn't have been surprised when I recently I discovered that Cuban and Scandinavian women share a somewhat unusual behavioral trait. It is apparently routine for women from both cultures to assertively approach and initiate interaction, particularly touch, with strangers they are attracted to.

    Now I have direct experience of this with Cuban women. In fact, the first time I went to Cuba, and started hanging out with other university students, I actually encountered a mild form of culture shock, because I was not prepared for the attention. It was actually overwhelming at first.

    But in talking about that difference with women here, I've found one theme repeatedly coming up. Yes, on the issue of approaching men they didn't know, women were worried about rejection. Yes, they thought culture played a role. But every single one of them, especially the more assertive women I've talked to, all repeatedly talked about issues of safety. Just the thought of engaging in that kind of behavior brought to mind all manner of concerns: potential violence, what if I get pregnant, what if he turns out to be a stalker, and so on. I suspect, in Cuba and Scandinavian countries, it is just simply far safer and far easier to be a woman, and that leads them to be more confident in all their behavior.

    Finding out just how much a difference it creates would certainly make for an interesting sociological study. It also suggests to me, that, altruism aside, if men really want to improve their sexual health, both physical and psychological, they should focus on creating a far more egalitarian society that removes a lot of the pressures women currently experience.

    And bringing this back to China, and issues of safety. It is now safe, or at least far safer, to openly express attraction, and sexual passion, for both men and women. Whereas earlier doing so could get you imprisoned. I think feeling safe plays a gigantic role in people's ability to express their sexual nature.

  • southdeltawalker

    4 years ago

    "China Blue"- How jeans are REALLY made.

    The film "China Blue" exposes the life of factory workers in China and the pressures they are under.

    It on Saturday Nov. 10 at 11 a.m. at the Vancity Theatre.

    It is part of the Amnesty International Film Festival that starts tonight.
    http://www.amnesty.ca/archives/bc_filmfest_nov2007.php

    Request your library buy this film-avail. from Bullfrog Films.
    http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/china.html

  • rangergord

    4 years ago

    Sexual Revolution

    It will be interesting to see how China's sexual revolution plays out. Given the desparities between the sexes due to population control and sexism, China should seek to embrace the sexual revolution and guide its development in a positive direction. The increase in prostitution is inevitable and should be legalized. Sex workers should be elevated to a respected status and their wages should be regulated to be fair to all those involved. Not likely to happen of course unless the west gets off its moral high horse and does the same. As for sexual repression in North America, it is alive and well. Feminism has continued to portray pornography as violent and degrading to women even as it has become far more popular than ever before and has moved in much more progressive social directions. The religious conservatives continue to pressure governments to restrict freedom of sexual expression. Sexuality among teens is still repressed by all authorities driving their exploration of sexuality underground away from the supervision of parents, where they can experience unwanted pregnancy, date rape, adult sexual predators and remain immature and irresponsible.
    The comments about the jaded nightclub goers in north america is interesting. Most nightclubs are simply bars with music and a few lights. Highly regulated, they are boring for the most part. The real excitement is on the internet on the social networking websites, and at home in the suburbs and beyond where real swingers can still party as they wish in peace.

  • James Burns

    4 years ago

    Prostitution

    Quote:
    Sex workers should be elevated to a respected status and their wages should be regulated to be fair to all those involved.

    Sex workers should be free to charge whatever they can get, provided the money is going directly to them. Prostitution ideally would be run, and regulated by the sex workers themselves, with better laws in place to protect them from all too common abuse by customers, and a concerted effort should be made to stamp out pimps. Prostitutes shouldn't have to fear going to the police for help.

    But from what I've read of Asian prostitution in places like Thailand, the prostitutes are essentially sex slaves and live in pits of degradation and disease.

    Here in Canada, as some articles here on the Tyee have discussed, prostitution tends to be a multi-tier profession. Addicts who work the streets are at the bottom, and they are most subject to violence, disease and exploitation. The upper tier are women, who, having no other well paying jobs available, turn to prostitution, and service a wealthier clientel from apartments. A growing segment are imported sex workers from abroad, who are essentially sex slaves, much like the prostitutes in Asia.

    I suspect the majority of women in all tiers would choose other work, had they any real choice. Legalizing and regulating all recreational drugs, and making post-secondary education free or next to free, providing affordable housing, and other economic supports would go a very long way to curing the problem of prostitution by unwilling women.

  • James Burns

    4 years ago

    Feminism, porn and Vancouver nightlife

    Quote:
    Feminism has continued to portray pornography as violent and degrading to women even as it has become far more popular than ever before and has moved in much more progressive social directions.

    Well a lot of pornography IS violent and degrading to women. There is a hell of a lot more of it than there used to be. Admittedly there is more porn that tries to appeal to women, but if anything a lot of what is out there has gotten more violent and degrading rather than less. And that is a problem.

    Quote:
    The real excitement is on the internet on the social networking websites, and at home in the suburbs and beyond where real swingers can still party as they wish in peace.

    I'm sorry, but the internet is utterly devoid of most of what makes sexuality and intimacy so wonderful, and that's person to person contact. There is no substitute, and there won't be unless and until virtual reality can mimic reality to all our senses.

    Based on my personal experience, there's also no dearth of activity at the nightclubs in Vancouver. The downtown Granville strip is Washington state's northern Tijuana (or at least it was before the US dollar tanked). Despite that, because Americans can still come up here to get legally drunk at 19, instead of 21, it's still going to be busy at the nightspots despite the dollar.

    In addition, lounge-like establishments are starting to spring up like Opus, George, and Ginger 62 where you can actually engage in a semblance of conversation. What's more, many of the coffee houses, even the chains like Starbucks and Blendz, are great places to meet people if you have the nads to start a conversation.

  • rangergord

    4 years ago

    China's sexual revolution

    Had the opportunity to watch this documentary on Newsworld last night. Very interesting indeed and good news for the whole world as China is in a major position of influence that will only increase in the future. The most interesting fact to come out of the film is that the position of women will rise as a result of the revolution. Girls are becoming valuable again and this should serve to stem infaticide and abortion of baby girls. The women of China, through the one child policy, being more free from childbearing have come to explore sexuality for recreational purposes rather than simply reproductional work that was emphasized during the cultural revolution. I got the impression that the chinese will likely play a major role in the form sexual expression takes in the future even as they are now already the worlds largest producers of adult products.

  • ME2

    4 years ago

    Re Porn

    Well James B, I don't know what internet you have access to, but genuine violence toward women in porn is extremely hard to find, if at all, though I suppose that if one was reckless enough to risk it, contact could be made with genuine purveyors of it, as is the case with other things on the net.

    Regarding the sites that purport to provide such material, they display "violence" wreaked upon women who are clearly masochistic exhibitionists, and the poses suggesting coercion would fool only those who want pretty badly to believe.

    That said, since there is a fair number of these sites, there must also be a fair number of people who want to view them. So it should also be noted then, that study after study has clearly shown that such material does NOT induce copycat behaviour, but instead relieves such urges.

    My guess is that in the Cuba you described, with its relaxed attitudes toward sexality, that after a brief fling with curiosity-seekers, such material would quickly disappear.

    I agree with you that there is nothing left for porn to display on the net. What is now found is unremittingly loveless, boringly clinical and repetitive. Since its content is so clearly aimed at the young and naive, this suggests to me that it is a basically unsustainable industry, and that those who dislike it should lobby for more progressive education of the young, and give up on their failed prohibition.

  • James Burns

    4 years ago

    more on porn

    Quote:
    Regarding the sites that purport to provide such material, they display "violence" wreaked upon women who are clearly masochistic exhibitionists, and the poses suggesting coercion would fool only those who want pretty badly to believe.

    Depicting violence and degradation, even if simulated, is a depiction of violence and degradation. As for the women being "clearly masochistic exhibitionists", perhaps, but far more likely it is a job for them that they are being paid for. Yes they choose to do it, but, based on what a lot of former women who have worked in the sex industry have said in interviews, it's about the money, honey. It rapidly becomes a job, even if they thought it was kinky taboo breaking at first.

    I also don't believe that this kind of material is simply cathartic. More recent studies have suggested that repeated viewing of violence and degradation does in fact desensitize people to it. That is a problem. At the same time I believe in freedom of expression, so how to deal with it is a thorny issue.

    Quote:
    My guess is that in the Cuba you described, with its relaxed attitudes toward sexality, that after a brief fling with curiosity-seekers, such material would quickly disappear.

    Pornography (and gambling) is illegal in Cuba, which, considering how sexualized the culture is, is amazing. So it is practically unknown there, particularly since internet access is rare and very expensive. I really have no idea how Cubans would react to it. I suspect most would look at it as a very poor substitute for readily available real sex. They'd probably look at it with a mix of curiosity, humor and disgust. At the same time, it would likely become as prevalent as it is everywhere.

    The primary reason, however, that the Cuban government is so strict about porn and gambling, is because prior to the revolution, Cuban cities, particularly Havana, were essentially a cross between Las Vegas and a brothel. Many Cuban women were exploited mercilessly by organized crime, much of it run by a large slice of the Cuban elite for US business and mafia interests. Some of the people who initially supported Castro the most when the revolution was just getting started in the Sierra Maestra were prostitutes. Instead of getting money, they traded sex with US soldiers stationed around Cuba for weapons, ammunition and other supplies, which they smuggled to the rebels.

  • ME2

    4 years ago

    More porn

    If the women who enjoy masochism and exhibitionism are "just doing it for the money", then I would say they are among the fortunate few able to make money doing what they like.

    As for those women who choose prostitution over a McJob (not all hookers are druggies) being candidates for sympathy, I shouldn't have to lecture you on THAT. There are tens of thousands of workers in other jobs who sacrifice their dignity and integrity for the almighty dollar, but whom we do not look down upon, nor feel any sympathy.

    I would instead remind you that our prohibiting the safety of brothels is more a cause for sympathy than anything else.

    It is true that many women are forced into prostituton, and that they would far rather not do it. Our sympathy for them should be directed toward eliminating the conditons that have brought them there. (Ahhh, faint hope!!)

    You are correct that depictions of sexual activities cannot be eliminated, for prior to the Judaeo/Christian/Muslim times, all societies have done so freely, just as they have with other human activities.

    The point I was trying to make - however poorly - is that today we have "porn", based on the premise that sex is "dirty". It is degrading to women only in that it is emotionally immature in its catering to male masturbatory fantasies, with little or no regard for the pleasuring of women.

    As long as we're stuck in that paradigm, the liberating potential of porn will be stymied.

  • James Burns

    4 years ago

    Quote:The point I was trying

    Quote:
    The point I was trying to make - however poorly - is that today we have "porn", based on the premise that sex is "dirty". It is degrading to women only in that it is emotionally immature in its catering to male masturbatory fantasies, with little or no regard for the pleasuring of women.

    As long as we're stuck in that paradigm, the liberating potential of porn will be stymied.

    And my point is that, given the Cuban example, you don't need porn to liberate sexuality. I suspect there is something negative that occurs culturally when sex is primarily a commodity.

  • ME2

    4 years ago

    Cuba is not North America

    Your Point re the Cubans is accepted, JB, but North America is NOT Cuba, and doesn't appear to be being similarly civilised in the forseeable future.

    My point (again poorly made) is that NA porn is subversive (whether intentional or not), inasmuch as it contradicts conventional fundie morality.

    Commodification of sex is a major part of our culture, whether that is accomplished through prohibition, (selling religion), or through advertising and entertainment.

    In my opinion, the unnaturally high sales value of sex in NA is maintained only through the taboo, wherein imposed boubdaries stimulate curiosity, and pushing them or maintaining them draws attention.

    I find it amusing that most of those who would attribute the "decadence" in our society to relaxed moral attitudes also support the "market" version of social responsibility in which one's ONLY responsibility is to her/himself and kin.

    Perhaps, JB, these people need a trip to Cuba, EH?

  • ME2

    4 years ago

    correction

    The second-to-last para above should read "to relaxed sexual attitudes" not moral attitudes.

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