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US Needs Vancouver as Model
So do BC's own suburbs, urges noted American livability expert.
Leinberger: 'Show us the way.'
Vancouver has emerged as one of the world's great cities. Listed at or near the top of many quality of life and livability surveys of world cities over the past decade, the rich mix of ethnic groups, Asian, European and North American wealth, smart infrastructure investments and superior urban planning has produced world-class results.
So it is with great humility that an American can venture north to offer suggestions about the built environment to a place that is so highly regarded.
Leinberger Talk Tonight
Christopher B. Leinberger is speaking today, April 25 at 7 p.m. at Simon Fraser University Segal Graduate School of Business, 500 Granville Street, Vancouver. Admission is free, but reservations are required. E-mail city@sfu.ca or call 778-782-5100.
An April 21 article in The Tyee by Canadian Murray Dobbin ended with this advice to his country about your relationship to the U.S.: "Better for both of us that we Canadians strengthen our own country. Let us enhance our communitarian approach, build on our social programs, reverse the decline in education spending, take the lead in fighting climate change, and revive our tradition of progressive international engagement and leadership. That way, if and when, in desperation, our neighbours look for a model to follow, there will still be one. Just next door."
I second that opinion. Over the past two years or so, Americans have been awakening to the fundamentally wrong approach we have pursued for the past generation and more regarding the environment, our health, the built environment and the impact of oil dependency on foreign policy. The unprecedented 80 per cent of the electorate who currently feel the country is "heading in the wrong direction" is just one sign of this questioning.
Having models of an alternative approach is crucial to get us back on track; seeing is believing. We Americans only have a few places, like Portland, Oregon, where we can learn about an alternative to how to build our metropolitan areas . . . and most Americans are tired of endlessly hearing about Portland. We need additional models. Europe is too alien for most Americans (remember that only 20 per cent of us have passports). Canada is so close and you have been exporting friendly images and personalities to us for years; who can't relate to Red Green?
A lot more to do
Yet there is even more to do in Metro Vancouver to provide a model for the future. While your metro area has many examples of great walkable urbanism, over 85 per cent of you still use the car for most of your travel needs around the region. That indicates a metro with an over-dependence on a single form of transportation and one land use option; the drivable suburban option.
Many of you are living with the unintended consequences of drivable suburban development. The traffic congestion, high and getting higher gas prices, pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and loss of open space has meant there has been a negative reaction against ALL development and especially higher density development.
The fact of the matter is that high-density, transit-served places, providing a mix of uses and incomes in a pedestrian-friendly manner, are just what are required to provide the model America and you need.
Vancouver and British Columbia as a whole have certainly taken the next step toward a more sustainable future. The proposal for a $14 billion expansion of the transit system is crucial. That is because, as any urban planner will tell you, transportation drives development. The transportation system the public invests in will promote either low-density drivable suburban development or high density, walkable urbanism. By investing so heavily in transit, the option of walkable urban development becomes possible. Without it, many people are stuck in traffic and not offered other options.
Yet there is more to do. Transit without legal encouragement through zoning reforms means you are not getting the real return for your multi-billion dollar investment. Within 500 to 1000 metres of each of your current and proposed transit stops, there should be what Americans call "overlay districts" or what you call special transit zoning, which allow for mixed-use, high density walkable urban development. Hopefully mechanisms will also be put in place to encourage and financially support mixed-income housing as well. This is the necessary pre-condition for the real estate industry to produce the low-energy and low-carbon development required and demanded by the market today.
Footloose places
The Denver metro area is in the middle of expanding its light rail system as well, having taxed themselves over $4 billion US locally to do it (the federal government in our country is "missing in action" regarding transit). There will be over 50 new stations and around most of these stations overlay zoning within walking distance will encourage high density walkable urban development. This approach is required in many parts of Metro Vancouver, as many of your developers, planners and public officials will attest, but it needs to be expanded.
Places like Whalley in Surrey should have more high density development within walking distance of the transit station, something that may be rectified over the next few years due to recent development plans. Metrotown in Burnaby needs to recognize that its 1970s version of walkable urbanism is more of a compromise between urbanism and suburbanism; it is neither fish nor fowl, and creates an even denser place. Each of these places will evolve their own character and feel. Each will reflect the micro-culture of the place. In total, these places will satisfy much of the future population growth which is coming to the metropolitan area.
Late last year, I released a Brookings Institution survey www.brookings.edu/walkableurbanism (scroll down to "Footloose and Fancy Free") of the regionally significant, walkable urban places in the largest 30 metropolitan areas in the U.S. It may surprise you that there were 157 of these kinds of places in these U.S. metro areas today, places similar to downtown Vancouver and Granville Island. It translated into one of these walkable urban places for every one million population in these 30 metros. Surprisingly, Washington, D.C., metro had the most walkable urban places per capita; there are 20 of these places up and running today with 10 more emerging. The Metro D.C. ratio is six of these places existing or emerging for every million people.
A suburban makeover?
Another surprising finding is that only 50 per cent of these walkable urban places were in the centre city of the region, such as downtown D.C. and the Dupont Circle area of the District. That meant that the other 50 per cent were, remarkably, in the suburbs. The city is coming to the suburbs and no where more than in the Washington region where 19 of the 30 existing and emerging walkable urban places are in the suburbs; places like Ballston in Arlington County (V.A.), Reston Town Center in Fairfax County (V.A.) and Bethesda in Montgomery County (M.D.). For a grand overview of the changing Metro Washington, D.C., area, see this article, written by Vancouver's Gordon Price.
Since over 70 per cent of the metropolitan population lives outside the city of Vancouver, but most of the current walkable places seem to be in the city, it stands to reason that the bulk of the growth in walkable urban development should be in the suburbs. Using the six walkable urban places per million experience of metro Washington, D.C., there should be 12-14 walkable urban places in the Vancouver region. It is my impression there are only six to eight today and most of them in the city.
Why make the suburbs more walkable and transit-oriented? First, the Vancouver market probably wants it. Assuming that folks who live in B.C. are somewhat like those who live in the U.S. regarding demand for housing and living options (something that should certainly be double-checked), there is probably pent-up demand for many more walkable urban places. Every day of oil price escalation just makes the motivation that much stronger. The price premium per square metre of walkable urban housing downtown versus the suburbs is just one indicator of this pent-up demand.
The global warming imperative
However, one of the most compelling reasons is climate change. Research by UBC scholar, Dr. Laurence Frank, to be released later this year by The Brookings Institution, will show that carbon dioxide emissions and energy usage by fringe single family households completely dependent on the car for transportation is from two to three times higher than walkable urban households with access to transit. Considering that the built environment (real estate and the infrastructure supporting it) generates over 70 per cent of carbon dioxide emissions, encouraging more walkable urban development could be the most important tool in stabilizing climate change.
The Vancouver metro area has taken huge steps in showing the U.S. a means by which to build a more sustainable future. The proposed investment in transit over the next decade is yet another sign that you will continue to provide a model. However, there is much more to do. Please do not dawdle; the U.S. needs you to help show us the way.
Related Tyee stories:
- The Myth of Dense Vancouver
Stats show city isn't countering flight to suburbs. - Plan Well or Perish
Interview with Richard Balfour, author of Strategic Sustainable Planning: A Civil Defense Manual for Cultural Survival - Growing Suburbs May Reroute BC Politics
Gordon Campbell's party faces strains after he's gone.




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Fiat lux
4 years ago
I wonder, how long it will
I wonder, how long it will take these "experts" to figure out that you can't have 2 diametrically opposed and contradicting definitions of efficiency used in the same world, and that it is the presently used, fraudulent definition, invented by the priesthood of economists, that's causing all the problems and destroying human civilization ?
Not even asking them to understand that it is the perceived power of imaginary capital, "created" by deregulated banks, looking for conversion into resources, that's licencing this suicidal destruction.
Ed Deak, Big Lake.
alda
4 years ago
transportation a good start
I give the author of the article kudos for aknowledging what needs to change in terms of transportation, but he really only talks about "walkable communities" and the mass transportation grid, as though that's the ONLY solution to creating liveable North American communities. (Easy to do, by the way, in mild climate coastal cities such as Vancouver and Portland.) But what about our snowed-in cities where no one wants to ride a bike or walk in minus 40 degree weather, big sky-train type projects are prohibitively expensive, and idiot city planners stripped the city from the much less expensive, but popular electrified trolleys back in the 60's?
What about powering the residential and commercial building electrical grid with wind and geo-thermal across the country? What about new passive solar building codes to make new buildings (and retro-fitted old ones) less dependent on fossil fuels? What about mandated water collection, compost collection, recycled garbage, etc? What about toxic chemcial, pesticide and plastic bag bans, and subsidizing local food supply? Affordable housing?
I'm not criticizing the few, small, dedicated group of citizens who already live this way and promote these ideas - I'm castigating our spineless politicians who can't seem to figure out that we need enact municipal legislation to force, yes force, EVERYONE to live responsibly. This is what we need. L-E-G-I-S-L-A-T-I-O-N.
But as Deak pointed out, this will NEVER happen unless the whole system changes. Including a change in attitude from academics, writers, journalists, and most of all, the blinkered majority of voters who think they're voting for "middle of the road Canadian values" when what they're really voting for is the same-old neo-con, corporate agenda.
The writer needs to open his eyes to a much wider picture than mere transportation alone, as important as it is.
ME2
4 years ago
Ed Deak
Without in any way trying to be facetious, Ed, what do you think of Major Douglas' ideas re the banks' misuse of money?
Did the early Social Crediters have the right idea?
Fiat lux
4 years ago
I think, the original idea
I think, the original idea of SC was something that could have been developed into something very good, combined with the theories of Keynes.
The Manning/Bennett use of the SC name was a fraud and had nothing to do with the original idea. Just as the present use of Conservative and BC Liberal names are the same fraud, promoting the same old exploitative economics.
Personally, I have long discarded all ideologies, because even the most beautiful can be distorted into destruction, crime and murder, as we can see in our daily lives.
The only way out of this present mess is a physical laws based, cooperative economic system, tied to real, physical, or engineering efficiency: The most work done with the least resource/energy inputs.
Competitive systems always increase and transfer costs, therefore are counter productive.
So is the forced depopulation of rural areas and the jamming of people into energy wasting, huge mega cities, to raise the GDP through waste and exploitation.
At the same time, our present acreage subdivisions are also the real "footprints", with no gardens, and people commuting long distances to stupid, non productive jobs.
Ed Deak.
ME2
4 years ago
Ed Deak
Thanks Ed, that's interesting, I would never have thought of coupling Douglas' ideas with Keynes.
But then I discounted your ideas about "fiat money" being applicable today until I started to learn just what derivatives - which make banker games look like playschool - were all about.
But I would find it very difficult to write off competition, since it can be used positively, such as in the search for "greener" technologies. Where am I wrong?
Other than that, I'd hesitate to argue against your other points, since I feel basically the same way.
Fiat lux
4 years ago
ME....the search for green
ME....the search for green technologies is not competitive, but cooperative with the ecology and humanity.
The same applies for lower prices. Which may sound funny, or outrageous, in today's warped ideology, but let's try to think about it for a while.
Once again: "Wealth can not be created, only taken...." This is not my idea, but a long established physical, or "green" law.
The purpose of economic competition, war and crime is the forced acquisition of benefits and properties against the owners' will.
Apart from he fact that all forms of competition increase energy inputs, which means real costs, therefore can not be green.
Now, this should send a few economists into convulsions, but, again, nobody can break physical laws and get away with it, although priesthoods and ideologues have been trying it since beginning of human history, and we know what happened to them and can see what's happening now? Or what will happen to "globalization" with the collapse of the oil economy ?
Ed Deak.
Skookum1
4 years ago
Gag me with a fork....."smart infrastructure"
The opening paragraph reads like a Board of Trade brochure; Vancouver's not as highly-ranked as it likes to promote itself as (look up "World Class city" on wikipedia). And who cares if the people who read Conde Nast think Vancouver is liveable; have they asked people on the the not-so-wealthy parts of town? I don't think surveys taken among wealthy travellers, or articles written by people on junkets who can stay in 4/5-star hotels, are qualified to decide if a city is "liveable". Fine, if you're on an expense account to talk about how enjoyable a place is; just try making a buck or making friends while you're e enjoying the liveability (unless you brought your liveability, i.e. lots of cash/credit, with you).......getting on the case of bumpf-shillers and their bloated boasting is like shooting fish in a barrel but that's not why I'm replying. This is:
"Smart infrastructure???
It's pretty clear that Mr. Leinberger has never negotiated our traffic for any length of time, whether in from Richmond and Delta or in off the freeway (which is "smartly" kept in Burnaby), or dealing with the bridges to the North Shore or the Fraser and Pitt bridges eastwards. Has he maybe only been taking taxis around the financial/hotel district or what? Or is he talking about Skytrain, which was the most expensive and least-comfortable of all options to be chosen (small seats, low headroom, no legroom), still isn't going where it should[ go, and instead got built to Richmond, plus a loop in Burnaby with stations placed where no one lives...and an awkward transfer at Commercial/Broadway and a similarly awkward one at New West/Columbia. Maybe he's talking about our bus system, crowded to the gills? Or is he talking about our under-the-ground electrical (West Side only)??
Most of all, the fact is that the chaos of Vancouver's suburbs is the direct result of Vancouver's "superior planning" in the core. The price of paradise is usually hell somewhere else.....that's if you consider the sterility of Yaletown and Coal Harbour to be "paradise"...
Next time, Mr Leinberger should maybe stay at Lougheed Mall or Coquitlam Centre or Scottsdale or Marpole etc. The Biltmore or the City Motel at 6th and Main, I suggest he try on those areas for "liveability". Then there's the Balmoral or the Cobalt of course...."superior planning" at work, and the Cobalt's location in the crux of the viaduct off-ramps and their connection to Highway 1 is a good demonstration of "smart infrastructure".
It's bad enough that Board of Trade types believe their own bullshit; brainwashing well-meaning outsiders is just sad....easy to be hypnotized by the scenery and fine dining, though....into thinking "if it looks good, it must be good"...
Canis Latrans
4 years ago
Talk about...
... the blind leading the blind. My Godless!
Over-developed and over-populated, smoky haze Vancouver as an example to the world, according to the definitions and studies of the "developer" class.
I agree with Fait Lux, again, on this one.
Competitive systems always increase and transfer costs, therefore are counter productive.
So is the forced depopulation of rural areas and the jamming of people into energy wasting, huge mega cities, to raise the GDP through waste and exploitation.
We, the US, and the rest of the world-. all need to move finally away from this notion of the mega-economy as the exclusive "property", to do with as they please, of a privileged ruling class. There is a need, on a new, more modern foundation, to get back to the notion of the economy as a collective/co-operative human activity serving the common good, in which all share power and ownership. How we concretely organize it and distribute that ownership/management power after that is thereafter likely to prove to be an "evolutionary" issue.
This current "never-ending growth" ruling class prioritized system is what underpins and drives this notion of never ending expansion of GDP, and with it, never ending over-development of the land base and burgeoning, pollution creating populations as a consequence-,to be the cheap labour,consume this ever expanding GDP and "fill the earth" to overflowing and famine.
It is time for the sports metaphored competitive system of "We have to be up to the challenges of the global market competition!", pitting whole peoples and societies against each other, (Which also often includes war as an aspect".) to be put away with the other childhood toys of human evolutionary history.
It has never been more obvious than it is right now.
Budd Campbell
4 years ago
BOARD OF TRADE PROPAGANDA FOR THE "SOPHISTICATES"
The opening paragraph reads like a Board of Trade brochure; Vancouver's not as highly-ranked as it likes to promote itself as (look up "World Class city" on wikipedia).
A really great post, Skookum1. I wish more people in Vancouver could use the common sense they were born with and start seeing promotional, advertorial material, masquerading as serious analysis, for what it really is, mainly high grade propaganda intended for consumption by more educated people. The trick in this strain of material is to hook the reader with their own sense of sophisticated superiority, and then stand back and let the rest follow. A few too many doses of this material and people will quite willingly, if they can possibly afford it, sign documents for a $500,000 purchase of a rather smallish, 800 square foot, two bedroom apartment. This will be their "family home", two people and one bird.
I have seen some similar price tags in downtown Seattle, that's true. But in Vancouver there is very little new building going on outside this price bracket. That suits developers and Board of Trade types, and it also suits the million or so existing homeowners, who are just delighted to see prices rising, and rising, and rising. It seems the only people it doesn't suit don't count. Just ask Gordon Price and Bill and Stephen Rees!
Canis Latrans
4 years ago
Just as...
Just as "The price of paradise is usually hell somewhere else.", an incredibly true statement by Skookum, the similar is true for poverty. Poverty at one level of society is overwhelmingly the consequence of a surfeit of riches at another social/class level.
All these conversations about development, or rather "over-development", densification pressures and the "market economy" on the one hand, and poverty on the seeming other, are really different aspects of the same underpinning reality phenomena.
ME2
4 years ago
Not so nice city
I am in full agreement with Skookum1, Canis L and the rest who note that yes, Van is a nice city to live in if you're among the relatively wealthy who can afford the skyrocketing costs of living there.
I just got off the phone with my cousin, who's a relatively well-paid tradesman who owns a mid-size house in Coquitlam he bought 15 years ago.
He tells me he soon won't be able to make his payments unless he converts his basement into a rental suite, which he doesn't want to do.
Likely in another 10-15 years his area will be selling off for condos, so then what?
IMO, this is the logical result of viewing one's home as an "investment", since social values have no currency in a "free market" system - except for the rich.
Bobby Peru
4 years ago
It's an ideological war
The real proponents of densification and the traffic mess we have in Vancouver are the people working in city planning. They are not just satisfied with planning roads, sewers and bridges, they are driving a political agenda; they want to impose a uniform lifestyle on most everyone living in the GVRD. And that lifestyle is based on the politics of global warming that rationalize living in condos so that everyone must use public transport.
Skookum1 hit his argument right out of the ball park.
For many decades, Vancouver planners have resisted in building Toronto style highways to facilitate traffic growth- all in hope of convincing people to leave their cars at home. Instead, we have massive traffic problems that are only now being addressed. Unless you can afford to live in Point Grey or Shaughnessy, you will never see the ideal, idyllic Vancouver of the 70s and 80s.
All these condos have been put up yet people still prefer to drive cars because it's simply more convenient than our poor public transport network. But, the planners hope that if we live densely enough the solution will present itself. Instead, we have a lower mainland dotted with ugly towers and sterile 'let's pretend' neighbourhoods like Yaletown.
Canis Latrans
4 years ago
Less IS Often more...
is really the reality of this situation we need to face up to-, as in less people, reduced GDP, less wholesale export of our resources offshore, but especially to the US, all of which can, around a more power shared economic base, result in less pressures on the natural air, land and water systems of the planet.
Cars, for example, are not so much the problem per se, as it is the sheer numbers of peoples demanding and driving them. There are not too many seals catching too many fish and polluting the oceans etc,, but too many fuqing people. We are the problem, our insane levels of growth and development.
And that is not to be anti-people, because I "are" one. But unless we want to become part of the boom and bust cycle forever of many other species, such as the snowshoe hare for example, and if we are to be as perseptive as we like to think we are-, we have to face up to and deal with our own self-destructive tendencies.
For all it MAY look "pretty" in some regards, Vancouver is really part of a very big global problem. It's just that looks can be deceptive sometimes-, as every man and woman should by now know. :-) lol
Less human population would mean more for everything and everyone, and reduced pressure on the planetary vital organ systems-, unless of course we continue to insist upon hanging onto this so-called "free market system", which really isn't free at all, but a system that wants to gorge itself to death, and us along with it.
By the by, ME2:
IMO, this is the logical result of viewing one's home as an "investment", since social values have no currency in a "free market" system - except for the rich.
A view we share, indeed.
Skookum1
4 years ago
a common story....
He tells me he soon won't be able to make his payments unless he converts his basement into a rental suite, which he doesn't want to do.
Likely in another 10-15 years his area will be selling off for condos, so then what?
Someone I know here in Hali (where I am these days) told me about an old schoolmate of his, now a crown prosecutor in Vancouver, married to another crown prosecutor, each making 80k or so....they can't survive on that. Now, never mind that I could survive on 160k a year, but the well-known fact in BC is that a single individual needs over six figures to even think about getting ahead. And largely it has to do with "real estate values". That we allowed homes to be treated as commodities, and allowed our realty market to be influenced by the dynamics of the Tokyo and Hong Kong (and Toronto) markets, is a crime perpetrated on the rest of the society by the free-enterprisers and all the yak about the "level playing field" back in Socred years....yes, the playing field has certainly been levelled hasn't it? Realtors thrive on escalating house prices, partly abetted by their own commissions; they need to hustle properties the way other people need to hustle pork belly futures. It's not about places to live, it's about finding suckers who need a place to live that you can get over a barrel; a captive market.
cont.
Skookum1
4 years ago
cont.
there is no real free market in realty; as I pointed out here a while ago Whistler, for example, has maintained land controls to keep values high there; and also opposed development in other parts of the SLRD because it could bring down values in Whistler by there being "too much on the market". There was a new townsite proposed for the Soo Valley or Rutherford area, north of the RMOW, meant for the working stiffs who are needed to keep the resort going, a not-quite-trailer-park community, not meant to b e marketed on teh spculator market, same idea as Whistler Cay long ago; the WRA/RMOW/Whistler Inc. shot it down in flames, too much risk to in-Whistler property values and they wouldn't have "design controls" to make sure it "harmonized" with Whistler's appearance....
That's a tangent (Whistler's pop. growth 2001-2006 was only 4% - Pemberton's was 33%...btw Lillooet lost 15%), what I really meant to say was:
"The only way you can afford to even think about buying into Vancouver is to own slaves or do something else that you couldn't do here". Well, some people do things here that are illegal in order to make the mortgage (grow shows...), but short of having a large extended family all working for mininum wage and living in the same digs, if you don't own businesses abroad you're faced with market competition here from people who do. The offshore money that's bought in here, and continues to buy in here, isn't made on the same rules that you or I or your pal in Coquitlam or that pair of crown prosecutors I mentioned have to deal with. It's a different kind of money. And it has more clout than ours, and it's printed on different paper, and issued by a different bank...sometimes quite literally.
At least under Roman and Greek law you were required to make sure your slaves were housed and fed properly.....