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Latest Species Threatened by Climate Change: Mussels

As rising CO2 emissions lower pH level of oceans, mussels lose their grip on life: study.

By Jude Isabella, 14 Mar 2013, TheTyee.ca

Mussels in coolers

Mussels (Mytilus trossulus) attach to substratum with byssal threads. Photo: Emily Carrington, University of Washington.

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Ocean acidification -- which occurs when the ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide -- threatens one of the most dominant life forms on shorelines, mussels, by making it tough for the bivalve to keep itself glued to rocks.

Mussels rely on fine fibres, called byssal threads, to keep themselves anchored. Researchers at the University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratories have been studying mussels' response to rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, including testing the animals' ability to stay put. Their latest research on ocean acidification appeared Monday in Nature.

"We had no evidence that these mussels are responding to acidification other than the byssal threads," says Michael O'Donnell the lead author of the paper. "And just a tiny change in pH level changes water conditions enormously."

The study is one of the first to look at biomechanics of tissue other than the mechanical performance of calcified bits, an organism's shell.

O'Donnell and his colleagues collected 144 bay mussels (Mytilus trossulus), from Argyle Creek on San Juan Island and brought them back to the lab. To study how changing ocean chemistry affected the animals, the researchers placed two mussels in 3.5 litres of seawater inside insulated coolers, controlling the temperature, filtering out the carbon dioxide, then pumping it back in regulated amounts. Mussel pairs were subjected to one of nine pH levels, ranging from 7.5 to 8.14.

After three weeks at one pH level, a mussel pair was analyzed. Researchers measured one for physiological stress, determining that carbon dioxide levels did not affect food absorption, or reproduction, or shell formation. The other mussel went through a byssal thread strength exam. To test the byssal threads, O'Donnell and co-authors Matthew George and Emily Carrington used the same instrument material engineers use to measure the strength of various objects, from plastic bags to concrete to rebar.

They superglued one end of a byssal thread to cardboard, while the other end was attached to a pebble about a centimetre in diameter, an attachment formed by the mussel, as it would fix itself to a rock in the wild. Then they clamped each end of the byssal thread, which remained in the water. Finally -- like a tug-of-war -- the machine pulled until the byssal thread broke, measuring the force at which the material failed.

"It's fiendishly tedious," O'Donnell says. "It's very difficult to clamp them, and I would probably get through two threads an hour. Matt was good at this, he got through three or four an hour."

Biochemistry of survival

After spending almost three months breaking hundreds of byssal threads, the researchers found that as carbon dioxide levels rose, forcing down the pH level, a specific part of the thread broke most often -- the plaque, the part that looks a little like the foot of a cartoon UFO, the part the mussel glues to the rock. It weakens substantially as ocean pH falls. After a thread's failure, the researchers would assault it again, testing the next breaking point. (The distal region, the area that works like a bungee cord, retained its integrity under all conditions.) The vulnerability of the plaque means the mussel loses up to 40 per cent of its ability to stick to rock when pH levels drop to 7.5.

The average ocean pH is about 8.1. But the intertidal zone, where mussels live, has variable levels since it's a dynamic system influenced by the atmosphere, land, and ocean currents. O'Donnell, measuring waters around Friday Harbor, found the pH levels are typically 7.7 or 7.8. And from about the mid-21st century on, if carbon dioxide levels keep rising, pH levels will decline, possibly to 7.5. (It may not seem like a huge jump, but as the researcher points out the pH scale is a logarithmic scale, like the Richter scale for earthquakes: an 8.0 earthquake is 10 times worse than a 7.0.)

Mussels in coolers

How's the water? Researchers Michael O'Donnell (on left) and Matthew George with coolers full of mussels in water of varied pH levels at University of Washington lab.

Chris Harley, an ecologist at the University of British Columbia who also researches the affects of climate change on intertidal species like mussels, applauds the lab's step away from the low hanging fruit of ocean acidification studies, the focus on shell formation and larval development.

"Ecologists only really figured out that ocean acidification would be a problem in about 2006, so we've been playing catch-up on what all the implications are," Harley says. "And for mussels, the major threats to their mortality are sea stars and ocean waves ripping them off the rocks."

Can mussels adapt?

O'Donnell and his colleagues also get points for studying a wide range of pH levels, Harley says, when most studies in the past have compared the effects of two levels, the present and potential future.

To adapt to changing pH levels will be a challenge, considering the ocean chemistry is changing at least 100 times quicker than it has changed during the 650,000 years prior to the industrial revolution. For the worldwide mussel aquaculture business, valued at $1.5 billon US in 2009, the news is almost more worrisome than rising ocean temperatures. To cope with temperature changes, mussels can be moved around to cooler waters. That strategy, however, won't work for changing pH levels.

For the wild mussels that define the rocky shoreline, a changing climate further magnifies the threat to their survival.

"One of the other things that's changing in addition to ocean acidification is how stormy the coasts are getting," Harley says. "So the possibility that mussels will have trouble attaching to rock in places where waves are getting bigger, well, that's a double whammy."  [Tyee]

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66  Comments:

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  • mememine69

    9 weeks ago

    Fear mongering a false crisis isn't stewardship or journalism.

    Former climate change believers are better planet lovers. We don’t WANT this misery to be real for our children.
    Find us one single IPCC warning report that isn’t swimming “maybes”. Help my house could be on fire maybe?

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    Can selective breeding

    make the difference?

  • Illahie

    9 weeks ago

    In Jude's life

    All roads lead to acidification.

    If she knew a little bit about oceanography, she would be aware that ocean acidification is simply impossible.

    If she does know about oceanography, then she is intentionally trying to deceive us.

  • David Beers

    9 weeks ago

    Administrator

    Illahie

    Jude Isabella is well versed in oceanography. Personal insults directed at Tyee writers -- accusing them of ignorance or intentional deception -- is not allowed in the Tyee comment code of conduct.

    http://thetyee.ca/Comments/FAQ/#7

  • Langley

    9 weeks ago

    Pollution and Pillaging

    I think the ocean has bigger worries than CO2

    But hey, we could all purchase some carbon credits and hope everything goes back to normal while we continue on as normal

  • Jim Baird

    9 weeks ago

    Where is the stewardship?

    British Columbians sit ideally by when we could be resolving the problem and profiting handsomely from the experience.
    http://theenergycollective.com/jim-baird/196746/climate-change-sea-level-rise

  • doggone

    9 weeks ago

    Just curious

    "ocean acidification is simply impossible."
    I certainly hope you are correct and I'd like to learn more.
    However I have been an observer on these waters now and then for some 60+ years.
    I don't claim to be an oceanographer but even I know shore life is dying.
    Do you ever go fishing?
    As opposed to phishing?

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    Climategate 3

    "Many terrible things have resulted from the great climate scam – the debasement of the scientific method, the corruption, the rent-seeking, the greed, the lies, the blighted careers, the malfeasance, the dissemination of ignorance, the waste, the environmental damage – but the worst thing by far is the human misery it has engendered."
    http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/jamesdelingpole/100206888/climategate-foia-the-man-who-saved-the-world/

  • Howard William

    9 weeks ago

    Depleting the oceans

    was also considered impossible, once upon a time. Inexhaustible, they said.

    Ocean Acidfication is the sleeper issue of climate change; unravelling marine ecosystems from the bottom up. No, the ocean is not going acidic like vinegar or battery acid (i.e., pH << 7), but yes, small changes in pH (acidity) have large impacts on larval crustaceans and mollusks and other calcifying species, including oysters, clams, sea urchins, shallow water corals, deep sea corals, and calcareous plankton - they can't build a proper shell due to the “corrosive power” of carbonic acid, which binds up the calcium. When shelled organisms are at risk, the entire food web is at risk.

    "Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the pH of surface ocean waters has fallen by 0.1 pH units. Since the pH scale, like the Richter scale, is logarithmic, this change represents approximately a 30 percent increase in acidity. Future predictions indicate that the oceans will continue to absorb carbon dioxide and become even more acidic. Estimates of future carbon dioxide levels, based on business as usual emission scenarios, indicate that by the end of this century the surface waters of the ocean could be nearly 150 percent more acidic, resulting in a pH that the oceans haven’t experienced for more than 20 million years." http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification.

    As it turns out, the eastern Pacific is one of the early warning systems regarding OA - due to the bathymetrics, currents, and upwelling processes along the west coast. http://pmel.noaa.gov/co2/files/wa_state_blue_ribbon_panel_oa_11-27-2012.pdf
    The shellfish industry in Puget Sound has already been impacted with larval oyster failures -- BC is next.

    For a good primer, see NRDC movie: http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/acidification/aboutthefilm.asp.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    Nah, ocean acidification is just

    more pathologizing of the normal. Big Pharma has been doing it for years. CO2 is plant food and it feeds ocean algae just the way it feeds grass. Then the cows eat the grass and we eat the cows,or choose not to, as the case may be.

    Mussels are also fed by algae, just as the cow is fed by the grass.

    Upwelling is something we have no control over and the problem with the waters resulting from upwelling is lack of oxygen, not neccesarily CO2. It is a very different situation from normal shoreline water aeration due to wind and waves.

    The upwelling happens every year and sometimes it is above normal, as was the recent episode which alarmists salivated over and misrepresented.

    "When seasonal wind patterns change in spring, north winds create upwellings of deep and more acidic seawater off the Pacific Northwest coast. These waters — with their lowered pH and lack of available calcium carbonate in the form of what’s called aragonite — are what have been killing the oyster larvae. The availability of aragonite is particularly vital at an oyster’s earliest stages of development. In the first 24 to 48 hours of an oyster’s life, as it forms its first shell, the larvae go from being almost 0 percent shell to at least 70 percent shell before they begin to grow more tissue, explains George Waldbusser, assistant professor of ocean ecology and biochemistry at Oregon State University’s College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences. Lower aragonite saturation means the tiny larvae — much smaller than a poppy seed — need to expend more energy to make their shells."
    http://e360.yale.edu/feature/northwest_oyster_die-offs_show_ocean_acidification_has_arrived/2466/

    Note the word "seasonal" in the above.

  • R Hamilton

    9 weeks ago

    good article

    Interesting article with appropriate links and citations; thank you Ms Isabella. Howard Williams comment reaffirms my faith in people's inherent good sense; thank you Howard!

    I often wonder if the nasty unsupported comments are from real people or is it fiction created by PR trolls using the Multiple Personae Management Software I have read about.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    R. Hamilton is a new name around here, yes?

    Illahie and mememine69 have been around for a while, as have I. The likelihood of us being machines is remote, besides, all the money for that stuff is on the Alarmist side. Between Desmogblog and the Suzuki foundation, I betcha there is far more time and money available to support that type of false consensus building, if the truth be told!

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    just ignore the professional Denialist lice

    they glomm onto any thread even vaguely climate change related.

    It is still possible to have a serious discussion on ocean acidification. I would be interested in hearing if any research has been directed at a technological fix, ie: something on the physical order of the iron oxide dumping recently conducted on our shores.

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

  • bellabell

    9 weeks ago

  • Howard William

    9 weeks ago

    Seasonal?

    Yes there is a seasonal rhythm to just about everything, Nicks, but don't confuse that with the annual and decadal trends. After all, air temperatures are cooler in winter and warmer in summer, but the trend in both seasons is still UP over the past 5 decades or more.

    Same with OA - seawater CO2 tracks atmospheric CO2, which, in the northern hemisphere, ebbs and flows with the seasons due to the respiration occurring over vegetated land masses, resembling a slowly breathing organism on a massive scale. But the overall annual trend is upward. This is well documented at Ocean Station Aloha near Hawaii, where marine CO2 and corresponding pH has been closely tracked since the 1990s (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/file/Hawaii+Carbon+Dioxide+Time-Series).

  • Howard William

    9 weeks ago

    C02 is plant food

    True. And it may be that increases in OA will be beneficial to organisms such as phytoplankton, but that won't help many of the things we like to eat (salmon, rockfish, tuna, etc) which prey on higher life forms (specifically pteropods and other planktonic stages of invertebrate species) that are dependend on calcification processes to exist.

    Meanwhile, oysters and mussels fall into the calcifying organisms list that are evidently at risk of impact from OA for many reasons -- this article about weakened mussel attachment threads points out yet another one we had no idea about -- more phytoplankton at the surface won't help them, since they'll be washed out in severe storms and i don't think they float!

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    My dear Howard

    The temperature trend has been going up since the Little Ice Age ended in the 1850s, and nobody yet has been able to show that CO2 is what done it!
    http://www.friendsofscience.org/index.php?id=3
    The Sun's activity, on the other hand, has been steadfastly ignored by those who would have us all feeling guilty about living and breathing.

    "Scientists have been studying solar influences on the climate for more than 5000 years.Chinese imperial astronomers kept detailed sunspot records, and noticed that more sunspots meant warmer weather. In 1801, celebrated astronomer William Herschel, the first to observe Uranus, noted that when there were fewer spots the price of wheat soared. He surmised that less “light and heat” from the sun resulted in reduced harvests."
    http://climaterealists.com/index.php?id=11282&linkbox=true&position=5
    You said:
    "And it may be that increases in OA will be beneficial to organisms such as phytoplankton, but that won't help many of the things we like to eat (salmon, rockfish, tuna, etc) which prey on higher life forms (specifically pteropods and other planktonic stages of invertebrate species) that are dependend on calcification processes to exist. "
    Hello...have you forgotten the food chain? Small things get eaten by big things? More CO2 means more plankton which ultimately means more fish.

    "Ocean acidification" is recycled every time the bad news piles up about MMCGW being totally and equally bogus.

    It's the Sun what warms the Earth, and it hasn't warmed since 1998.

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    bella

    more chemtrails paranoia is as bad as denialism, can we PLEASE stick to the actual topic at hand?

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    Howard:

    if I may direct you to the comments in this eight part Tyee series:

    http://thetyee.ca/News/2013/01/24/Climate-Change-Crash-Course/

    It will save you time.

  • Jim Baird

    9 weeks ago

    Next species at risk, the BC tourist

    Beautiful BC isn't with beaches under 70 feet of sea level rise and no winter snow.

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    aha! you, sir, Mr. Baird,

    of all people should be able to comment on geo-engineering possibilities. OTEC could conceivable move huge volumes of nutrients and other substances, surely your researches must have touched on this particular issue?

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

  • mememine69

    9 weeks ago

    Your grandkids will call you believers Reefer Madness clowns

    REAL progressives doubt question and challenge all authority especially one that threatens our children.
    Science agrees climate change is only “possible” as opposed to comet hits that science agrees are “imminent”.
    “Science says it is real and is happening and could cause a climate crisis.”
    27 years of “could” proves it “won’t” be a crisis. Help my planet could possibly be potentially on fire maybe? Occupywallstreet does not even mention CO2 in its list of demands because of the bank-funded carbon trading stock markets ruled by corporations and trustworthy politicians.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    "Chemtrails paranoia", Hak?

    I guess you haven't looked up for a long time. It seems to me that instead of concentrating your efforts on blaming a beneficial trace gas for man made climate change, one should be looking to the real, ongoing programs to control climate and use weather as a military weapon. A few more parts per million of CO2 is entirely beneficial for the Earth, but barium and aluminum are toxic.
    http://www.bariumblues.com

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    they make hats

    out of aluminum AND barium now? WOW!

  • Howard William

    9 weeks ago

    What happens when you take the "shell" out of "shellfish"

    Nicks said: "It's the Sun what warms the Earth, and it hasn't warmed since 1998."

    What hasn't warmed, the sun, or the earth? Don't tell us it's the earth... http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-01-15/2012-was-world-s-10th-warmest-year-on-record-noaa-reports...Sunspot activity is low but warming continues... Further, from what i've seen, the flux in solar energy output can account for some variability around but not the overall trend in earth warming. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cmb-faq/globalwarming.html

    re: "more plankton means more fish"
    Not necessarily so...think about harmful algal blooms... eutrophication... deoxygenation... gotta have the right plankton or you just get jellyfish... i.e., what happens when you take the "shell" out of "shellfish"..

    cheers,
    not dear
    and not yours

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    There you go again, Hak!

    Nothing real to say in the face of endless evidence of geoengineering, so you resort to quips impugning the sanity of the presenters of the evidence. Tuna has been overfished, nothing to do with CO2.

    If I thought you were other than a professional alarmist, I would urge you to use the links bellabell provided above. Geoengineering is the real man-made climate danger and is supported by the likes of proud eugenicist Bill Gates.
    http://www.infowars.com/scientists-warn-geo-engineering-can-kill-billions-of-people/

    I guess "dear" Howard doesn't venture far enough off the reservation to understand that there has been no warming for 17 years and it has been cooling since 2005.
    http://www.real-science.com/warming-17-years

    Algae overgrowth, which causes eutrophication is caused by fertilization from things like agricultural runoff and sewage, not a few more parts per million of CO2. You are scrambling for relevance, so you are throwing in the kitchen sink, literally.
    http://www.thefreedictionary.com/eutrophication

  • Jim Baird

    9 weeks ago

    Large volumes of nutrients and other substances

    Hakuin, conventional OTEC moves 400 cubic meters of water/sec to produce 50MW. One fellow from MIT says, and I concur, this would pasteurize the water involved. As a solution I have proposed the use of a closed cycle, a heat pipe, in which 8 m3/sec of the working fluid is the only thing that moves. The heat moved to the depths with such a system would induce convection that would bring nutrients phytoplankton require back to the surface. For additional info The Existential Imperative: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion - http://theenergycollective.com/jim-baird/184496/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    So then OTEC

    could be conceivably part of a mixing cycle to stir anti-acidification agents into the sea on a large scale...

    I may be grasping at straws here, but as much as I've enjoyed the jellyfish I've eaten I have a problem with them being ALL the seafood available.

  • mememine69

    9 weeks ago

    Climate blame believers HATE children!!!!!

    Science never did say it will be crisis, only might be so if “maybe” is a good enough reason to fear monger billions of helpless children you are worse than any war mongering neocons.
    27 years of “science” confirming comet hits are “eventual” and “imminent” and confirming that climate change is only “likely” and “possible” proves climate change “won’t” be a crisis. Deny that.
    Former climate change believers are better planet lovers. We don’t WANT this misery to be real for our children.
    Find us one single IPCC warning report that isn’t swimming “maybes”. Help my house could be on fire maybe?

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    Climate modeling sucks

    London, 15 March: A new report written by Dr David Whitehouse and published today by the Global Warming Policy Foundation concludes that there has been no statistically significant increase in annual global temperatures since 1997.

    After reviewing the scientific literature the reports concludes that the standstill is an empirical fact and a reality that challenges current climate models. During the time that the Earth’s global temperature has remained static the atmospheric composition of carbon dioxide has increased from 370 to 390 ppm.

    “The standstill is a reality and is not the result of cherry-picking start and end points. Its commencement can be seen clearly in the data, and it continues to this day,” said Dr David Whitehouse, the author of the new report.

    The report shows that the temperature standstill has been a much discussed topic in peer-reviewed scientific literature for years, but that this scientific debate has neither been followed by most of the media, nor acknowledged by climate campaigners, scientific societies and prominent scientists.
    http://thegwpf.org/content/uploads/2013/03/Whitehouse-GT_Standstill.pdf

  • Fiat lux

    9 weeks ago

    If there hasn't been any temp

    If there hasn't been any temp increase since 1998, how is it that we haven't had any -40C here in the Cariboo since 1995 and various areas are breaking all high temp records all over BC. The coldest we we had, for 1-2 nights, this winter was about -17 C, but the days have been up to +10C .

    The voting, party affiliation records, work and investments of deniers would be very interesting to know, as they would show where they come from, how and why ?

    They remind me of the nazi holocaust deniers who popped up some 10 years after the war.

    Ed Deak.

  • Howard William

    9 weeks ago

    Meme job

    Settle down - your house is not on fire - but it is full of leaking pipelines and oil-soaked rags, so would you mind putting out that cigarette?

  • Howard William

    9 weeks ago

    Whitehouse report

    Interesting report, thanks for posting.

    A few points from a brief scan of the document:

    First, the fact that existing climate models are not effective in predicting short-term variations in one variable - temperature - should not come as a surprise -- climate science is as Whitehouse says, at the beginning rather than at the end of its lifetime. It only tells us we need to monitor more, analyze more, understand more and feed more into the models to improve them. There already appear to be many improvements over the years, incorporating solar flux, aerosols (volcanic and otherwise?), ocean climate (ENSOs etc). The model by Lean and Rind (2009) does a good job of showing the contribution of these other components to the warming trend, offsetting and dampening or reinforcing the effects of anthropogenic effects which continue to drive the temperature response in a positive direction (p. 20). And yes, water vapour should be included if there's evidence of any effect.

    Secondly, i don't see how Whitehouse can say the analysis is NOT based on "cherry-picking start and end points" when the "standstill" is defined as "real" because it's persisted for wow, a whole 15 years. There have been other obvious plateaus in the past century (1960s for example), all similarly noisy, but the warming trend over a geologically brief climatogical period (since the 1800s) remains UP, Whitehouse does not dispute that. In fact, though he refutes a straight-line linear increase, he appears to support the equally devastating notion of a stepped, regime-level change in climatology -- moving from noisy plateaus at one thermal level followed by rapid changes to a higher plateau. Likely the result of highly nonlinear tipping point shifts that we don't understand. Linear changes are not the globe's way of doing things, that should be obvious. The question is: what plateau will the NEXT shift take us too, and what is the role of CO2 emissions (the one thing humans can certainly do something about) in that highly unpredictable process?

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    Likely the result of highly nonlinear tipping point shifts that

    we don't understand."

    Yes. But we do understand the possible risks. Which is what should dictate our behaviour. Is it possible that we should take the Precautionary Principle and extend it to forcibly restraining those drilling holes in our lifeboat?

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    "Those who can make you believe absurdities

    can make you commit atrocities"
    Boy, would Voltaire have had a field day with this atrocity:

    "As from next month, Drax (the biggest coal fired power station) will embark on a £700 million switch away from burning coal for which it was designed, in order to convert its six colossal boilers to burn millions of tons a year of wood chips instead.

    Most of these chips will come from trees felled in forests covering a staggering 4,600 square miles in the USA, from where they will be shipped 3,000 miles across the Atlantic to Britain.

    The reason for this hugely costly decision is that Drax has become a key component in the so-called ‘green revolution’ which is now at the heart of the Government’s energy policy.

    Because it burns so much coal, Drax is the biggest single emitter in Britain of carbon dioxide (CO2), the gas supposedly responsible for global warming.

    The theory is that, by gradually switching to wood — or ‘biomass’ as it is officially known — Drax will eventually save millions of tons of CO2 from going every year into the atmosphere, thereby helping to prevent climate change and save the planet."
    http://climaterealists.com/index.php?id=11281&linkbox=true&position=8

  • Fiat lux

    9 weeks ago

    This is a test............

    This is a test............

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    Ed, I'll try again

    It warmed from 1979 to 1998. Temperatures have stopped going up...so yes, you may not have had the severe winter temperatures you have been used to, because it has been warmer.

    Now, while temperatures(average global from satellite data) have leveled off and/or cooled over the last 17 years, CO2 has continued to rise. According to the MMCAGW hypothesis, temperatures should have continued to rise.

    They haven't.

    The hypothesis is thus falsified. Since there is no longer a correlation between CO2 levels and global temperature, we must acknowledge that there is no causation involved.

    If we don't, we too will be shipping off wood to chip and waste when coal is the appropriate thing to be using.

    We know higher CO2 levels have beneficial effects on plant growth, so burning coal just adds a few more parts per million to the atmosphere. There is more Argon at 1%, than there is CO2 at 0.04% in the atmosphere, and human activity only accounts for 3-5% of the total.

    Yes, the climate is changing, and it looks like your good old days of severe cold are coming back, as some astrophysicists, (the ones that pay attention to sunspot activity) have been predicting.

    http://climaterealists.com/attachments/ftp/WANews13No5_The_new_Mini_Ice_Age_is_upon_us_IdesMarch.pdf

  • Fiat lux

    9 weeks ago

    Nick...I stopped being a

    Nick...I stopped being a "believer" at 18.

    There are all kinds of articles warning against climate change and those of us living in the bush can see the daily evidence.

    Are you living in a city and what ideology are you supporting ?

    I've tried to forward the site of this article, but it doesn't work.

    *

    Superheated American City Dealing with 110 Degrees for 33 Days -- Phoenix Confronts Apocalyptic Climate Change

    Horrific heat, droughts, windstorms, water shortages and forest fires will plague nation's 13th largest city
    http://www.alternet.org/files/styles/story_image/public/story_i

    If cities were stocks, you’d want to short Phoenix.

    Of course, it’s an easy city to pick on. The nation’s 13th largest metropolitan area (nudging out Detroit) crams 4.3 million people into a low bowl in a hot desert, where horrific heat waves and windstorms visit it regularly. It snuggles next to the nation’s largest nuclear plant and, having exhausted local sources, it depends on an improbable infrastructure to suck water from the distant (and dwindling) Colorado River.

    In Phoenix, you don’t ask: What could go wrong? You ask: What couldn’t?

    And that’s the point, really. Phoenix’s multiple vulnerabilities, which are plenty daunting taken one by one, have the capacity to magnify one another, like compounding illnesses. In this regard, it’s a quintessentially modern city, a pyramid of complexities requiring large energy inputs to keep the whole apparatus humming. The urban disasters of our time -- New Orleans hit by Katrina, New York City swamped by Sandy -- may arise from single storms, but the damage they do is the result of a chain reaction of failures -- grids going down, levees failing, back-up systems not backing up. As you might expect, academics have come up with a name for such breakdowns: infrastructure failure interdependencies. You wouldn’t want to use it in a poem, but it does catch an emerging theme of our time.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    Yeah, but what does CO2 have yto do with all of that, Ed?

    Sure, the world is still going to "hell in a handbasket", just as it always has, but nobody can prove a tiny bit more CO2 is what's pushing it there.

    Get a grip, you have been lied too by some very fancy, well paid shills for the Elitist Establishment that want us all gone so they can have it all to themselves. You also don't seem to understand the difference between cause and effect.

    Can you tell me that CO2 also cause incidents like this?
    http://www.azcentral.com/ news/ state/ articles/ 20130220phoenix-flagstaff-winter-storm-hits.html -
    20 Feb 2013 ... Snow, hail and rain falls in Phoenix area; snow falls around Arizona,Snow, hail and rain left a blanket of white in part of the Valley on ...

    CO2 only causes plants to grow. It doesn't change climate and it don't destroy levees neither.

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    stop picking at it Ed

    it'll never heal

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    That link no longer works

    "Photos from central Phoenix showed graupel, also known as "soft hail", lining the streets and blanketing cars.

    An ABC15 viewer photo from 7th Street and Maryland showed the graupel falling as thick clouds covered the sky. Another image showed cars in a lot at 16th Street and Northern covered with the rarely-seen "snow".

    See the photos in the slideshow above.

    The chilly conditions have been helped by a nearly-20-degree drop in temperatures."
    http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/region_phoenix_metro/central_phoenix/snow-in-phoenix-graupel-falls-in-valley-during-february-storm
    So tell me the mechanism by which CO2, a trace gas, can cause temperature to drop that much that fast.

    Last week, Europe was shut down by snow, which it seems has to do with changes to the jet stream. Tell me how CO2 does that?
    http://climaterealists.com/index.php?id=11308
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21763824

    You are right, Hak. I consider what I here do a moral duty, except it is just the same stupid arguments over and over and it's boring.

  • Fiat lux

    9 weeks ago

    Nick... If there's one thing

    Nick... If there's one thing that I've learned in my rather long life, it is that there's no point in arguing with the faithful and always leave room for doubt.

    If there's no present global warming, what makes the Poles break up and melt away, causing all kinds of worries and problems ?

    I have genuine world class scientist friends, not some hacks paid off by polluters, who are very worried, and that's good enough for me, apart from what we can see all around us.

    Perhaps we should also have a debate on which prophets of which religions have been instructed by God on how to kill the other guys?

    We bought our land in Nov. 1975 and when we came built a cabin on Victoria day 1976 in May, there were still large snow piles around and we could never plant a garden in the following years until well into June.

    We had +10C today, in mid March and the snow is melting all around. The same story for years.

    Ed Deak.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    The Arctic has a cycle, it's ice has gone down many times before

    1,500-year cycle in the Arctic Oscillation identified in Holocene Arctic sea-ice drift

    "Weather and climate in the Northern Hemisphere is profoundly affected by the Arctic Oscillation, a quasi-periodic fluctuation in atmospheric pressure that occurs on interannual to interdecadal timescales1. Reconstructions of the Arctic Oscillation over longer timescales have suggested additional centennial- to millennial-scale variations in the phase of the oscillation, but often with conflicting results2. Here we assess patterns of sea-ice drift in the Arctic Ocean over the past 8,000 years by geochemically determining the source of ice-rafted iron grains in a sediment core off the coast of Alaska. We identify pulses of sediment carried by sea ice from the Kara Sea3, which can reach the coast of Alaska only during a strongly positive Arctic Oscillation4, 5. On the basis of these observations, we construct a record of the Arctic Oscillation phase, and identify a 1,500-year periodicity similar to that found in Holocene records of ice-rafted debris6, 7 in the North Atlantic, distinct from a 1,000-year cycle that has been found in total solar irradiance8. We conclude that the 1,500-year cycle in the Arctic Oscillation arises from either internal variability of the climate system or as an indirect response to low-latitude solar forcing."
    http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v5/n12/abs/ngeo1629.html

    The planet has cycles that are longer than our lifetimes or memories, Ed.

  • mememine69

    9 weeks ago

    Condemning Billions to their CO2 ends is a WAR CRIME for history

    Deny this:
    Climate change is a 27 year old "could be" crisis because not one single UN warning has ever said it “will be” a crisis, only “might be” and “could be”. If “maybe” is a good enough reason to condemn your own kids……
    Science says comet hits “will” happen and are imminent and eventual and inevitable yet they have NEVER said climate change was. Only “could be”. One would have to WANT this misery to true.
    ClimateReeferMadnessChange

  • Fiat lux

    9 weeks ago

    Are you guys suggesting is

    Are you guys suggesting is that everything is OK with the present, criminal economic system, and our banks are most welcome to pump out endless amounts of imaginary capital, to licence more and more colonization and destruction, now surrounding us?

    We know all about the Ice age etc. happening in thousands of years circles, but not in 30-40 years, within the lifetimes of most people still alive.

    A top line scientist friend of mine has been in Japan in Jan, then a few weeks ago in Inchon South Korea and right now in China, then going to Germany to and on various conferences called by governments getting really worried about climate change, including the US by now, while the usual faithful come on the Tyee every time the question comes up. reassuring us that everything is OK, it is business as usual.

    Please answer one question: Do you people live in cities or out in the country ?

    The communists were the worst polluters in all countries they've occupied, now their idiot twin capitalists are doing the same. Always in the interests of the same ruling 1%

    We have a huge, most interesting looking boulder in the middle of our forest, that, according to the experts, came down from somewhere on the top if the ice during the Ice Age. But not within the last century.

    Is there some kind of a "climate change deniers club" with members instructed to come on the line every time the question comes up, endangering "wealth creation"?

    Ed Deak.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    Ed, you don't have a scientific leg to stand on,

    so you resort to ad hominem attacks and the tall tales told by friends in high places who go around the world at(our)great expense and who don't want the gravy train to stop.

    The climate has always changed and if you want to look at possible human intervention, look at HAARP, which can change the normal pattern of the jet streams and read up the ongoing geo-engineering program called Operation Cloverleaf.
    http://globalresearch.ca/articles/WOR406A.html

    http://www.stopsprayingcalifornia.com/Operation_Cloverleaf.php

    http://chemtrailsinourskies.wordpress.com/2012/09/06/chemtrail-aircraft-mechanic-speaks-video/

    I'm a private person and belong to no clubs. I just don't like being scammed by phony scienctists a creepy politicians.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    Here is real "Man-made Climate Change

    Weather Warfare: Beware the US Military’s Experiments with Climatic Warfare
    ‘Climatic warfare’ has been excluded from the agenda on climate change.“HAARP is a weapon of mass destruction, capable of destabilising agricultural and ecological systems globally.”

    “‘Climatic warfare’ potentially threatens the future of humanity, but has casually been excluded from the reports for which the IPCC received the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize.”

    http://www.globalresearch.ca/weather-warfare-beware-the-us-military-s-experiments-with-climatic-warfare/7561

    Got a "smart-meter" yet Ed, another weapon of mass destruction brought to you as a result of the creeps who have lied to us about climate?
    https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL75F2B26709CDBDA0

  • Fiat lux

    9 weeks ago

    NIck... The climate has

    NIck... The climate has always been changing, but not in such short periods, which suggests some serious causes.

    The same way as the cancer rate was about 2% and no kids had cancers, no kids died in my childhood, under the worst depression and war conditions, now we have a 40% overall cancer rate and hospitals are full of little bald headed kids.

    Tests show dozens of poisons in the blood of all of us. To say that this incredible pollution doesn't effect the environment is very shortsighted.

    What you never say is what you get out of these denials? Wouldn't it be wiser to keep and open mind ?

    I can't see any point in continuing this useless debate any more. I have to write an article on the fraud of neoclassical monetary economics, enslaving and killing people .

    Have a good one, cheers, Ed.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    Yes it has!

    "NIck... The climate has always been changing, but not in such short periods, which suggests some serious causes."

    It was warm through 1920-1940 and it was cold from 1941-1979 and then it got warm again until 1998. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation are the cycles most involved in the +-30 year changes.
    http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/09/30/amopdo-temperature-variation-one-graph-says-it-all/

    The same people who are running the "neoclassical monetary economics" fraud expect to profit from the climate caper.

    "The government of Canada pledged $1.2 billion over three years for Fast Start, disbursing all but $183 million so far. No plans beyond this fiscal year have been announced"
    http://www.oxfam.ca/news-and-publications/news/climate-fiscal-cliff-looms-for-developing-countries

    The IMF/World Bank runs the "Green Climate Fund". Are you comfortable with that? Why aren't you writing about it?
    http://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/art-567581

  • Fiat lux

    9 weeks ago

    Nick....As far I'm concerned,

    Nick....As far I'm concerned, the WB, IMF, all Conservative Parties together with most university economics departments, and climate change deniers, are welcome to climb trees and stay there

    Ed Deak.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    How can you say that Ed?

    It is the IMF which collects the money from you and me which goes to the World Bank which then funds all those wonderful "green projects".
    the

    The Conservatives have been proven to be just as profligate with our money as the Ontario Liberals have been, and the NDP would have to keep the carbon tax going in BC both for fiscal and ideological reasons.

    So politicians of all stripes are agreed to collect all this money to save the planet from Man Made Catastrophic Global Warming, when satellite data confirms the Earth hasn't warmed in 17 years. Please don't tell me about your neck of the woods again, it is irrelevant, so are my memories of freezing my ass off in other places at other times.

    How's that erudite paper on Economics According To Ed going, fella?

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    BTW, I do hope the BCNDP will at least stop the double

    Lib/Socred obscenity of collecting the carbon tax from schools, hospitals, municipalities and all Local Government facilities and then handing 60% of the overall carbon tax revenue out to corporations.

    Just how naive are you Ed, that you can't see how we are being abused by the "Carbon" mafia.

  • Fiat lux

    9 weeks ago

    Nick.... Of course, I'm super

    Nick.... Of course, I'm super naive, born yesterday. After all, I've only lived under every known ideology in 4 countries, have 3 citizenships, the Brit government officially gave me citizenship and a new legal name, English was my 5th language, sentenced to death by the nazi military for high treason at 18, but the war ended before they managed to kill me, to the gulags by the communists as an "enemy of the people",but they didn't catch me.

    I'm what's known as a Cambridge man, trained artist, trained in several trades with many trade articles in magazines, have the 1991 copyright of the only scientifically correct definition of economic efficiency, hundreds of articles large papers would never dare to publish, organic farmer and the most important, married very happily for 62 years.

    And I can prove everything above.

    Let's see what a climate change denier has to say in comparison.

    Ed Deak.

  • NickS

    9 weeks ago

    Do tell!

    I don't care what you claim as a personal life history, and a Facebook page doesn't count as a CV. It is irrelevant to the facts which are:
    1 Temperatures are going down on average
    http://www.c3headlines.com/modern-temperatures-chartsgraphs.html

    2 More CO2 makes plants grow better.

    http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/03/14/a-must-watch-greening-the-planet-dr-matt-ridley/

  • Hakuin

    9 weeks ago

    well well

    another excellent and educational climate piece, thank you Tyee and author.

    I suggest though, that since yet again the comments run 80% malicious spam due to the usual astroturfers etc. that comments on climate articles simply be disabled.

    I would appreciate having actual discussion the knowledgeable and exploring new ideas, but I fear we are doing more harm than good here since the invariable presence of vandals may be turning people off to reading anything on the topic at all. No one wants to wage hip deep through sewage to sniff an intriguing flower.

    The Tyee can still educate and make a positive contribution through simple publishing alone.

  • NickS

    8 weeks ago

    Oh, Really.

    "Censorship -- the control of the information and ideas circulated within a society -- has been a hallmark of dictatorships throughout history. In the 20th Century, censorship was achieved through the examination of books, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other forms of communication for the purpose of altering or suppressing ideas found to be objectionable or offensive. The rationales for censorship have varied, with some censors targeting material deemed to be indecent or obscene; heretical or blasphemous; or seditious or treasonous. Thus, ideas have been suppressed under the guise of protecting three basic social institutions: the family, the church, and the state."
    http://gilc.org/speech/osistudy/censorship/

  • NickS

    8 weeks ago

    Speaking of censorship, heard of Climategate 3.0 yet?

    Update4: An email showing some insight on the beginning of the use of the word “denier” along with some demonstrated coziness with media activists.

    Update5: Mike Mann rages and releases the attack dogs Monbiot, Romm, Media Matters and others in response to a perfectly valid and polite inquiry from the Wall Street Journal, suggesting a smear before the reporter even write the story.

    Update6: From Junkscience.com, who spotted this exchange: Wigley accuses IPCC and lead authors of ‘dishonest presentations of model results’; Accuses Mann of deception; Mann admits
    http://pjmedia.com/tatler/2013/03/15/climategate-3-0-more-mike-mann-emails-hit-the-internet/

    Got to catch everybody up before I get shut down.
    Here's a good one:
    “I remain committed to doing this with
    you guys, and to explore applications to synthetic datasets with
    manufactured biases/etc remains high priority.”

    Interesting concept, "manufactured biases".
    You don't suppose it means what it seems to mean? Perish the thought!

    http://www.junkscience.com/ 2013/ 03/ 15/ climategate-3-0-mann-to-jones-circa-1998-happy-to-make-my-codes-data- etc-available-mann-to-mcintyre-circa-2005-get-lost/ -

  • Hakuin

    8 weeks ago

  • mememine69

    8 weeks ago

    Boycott THETYEE and other fear mongers!

    Why Former Climate Blame Believers Are Better Planet Lovers:
    It's WHAT they "agree" on that is the issue as they have only agreed for 27 years that it "is real and happening" and only COULD be a climate crisis not WILL be a crisis. They have never said a crisis was as eventual as even a comet hit. They won't say it WiLL happen. The only consensus they have is to keep studying and it and that it still "might" be an actual crisis. The IPCC has never said it WILL be a crisis. Real planet lovers welcome the good news of exaggeration. You?
    Find us one IPCC warning not swimming maybes. Help my planet is on fire maybe?

  • NickS

    8 weeks ago

    Hack, you are so funny!

    After your rant about "malicious spam","vandals" and "wading hip deep through sewage", you post a reference to "Crude Comments and Concern: Online Incivility's Effect on Risk Perceptions of Emerging Technologies."

    More info to make the Hack's day:

    http:// www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2294560/The-great-green-1-The-hard-proof-finally-shows-global-warming-forecasts-costing-billions-WRONG-along.html

  • Hakuin

    8 weeks ago

  • Howard William

    5 weeks ago

    Global Warming Continues Apace

    New Study: When You Account For The Oceans, Global Warming Continues Apace

    http://preview.tinyurl.com/cxkzwmf

    Looking forward to the counter-arguments this suggestion will spawn...