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Idea #5: Beware of Neuromarketing

Adults are taught to be skeptical. But the subconscious is like a toddler.

By Shannon Rupp, 25 Dec 2008, TheTyee.ca

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New ideas for the new year.

[Editor's note: Back by popular demand, The Tyee again is offering its readers a series of New Ideas for the New Year. We're publishing a new one every weekday from Dec. 22 through Jan. 2. They're intended to get everyone's problem-solving, creative thinking going for 2009. Later in January, we'll be asking you to suggest your own new ideas for the new year, and will publish a selection.]

Forget focus groups, marketing studies or even psychographics, 2009 is the year the selling juggernaut will use neuroscience and our own biology against us.

Or rather that's Buy-ology, the name of book by marketing mastermind Martin Lindstrom who recounts his findings from a massive brain-research project exploring why we buy. Appealing directly to the brain's buy impulse is called "neuromarketing," and he spent three years and $7 million, using both CT scanning and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) technology, to examine how people's brains respond to advertising and marketing ploys.

Lindstrom's findings echo those from some of the psychological strategies, but a surprising amount of the hard science shows that much of the most effective advertising is actually counterintuitive.

For example, health warnings on cigarette packs actually make people long to smoke. In Lindstrom's studies, the sight of these warnings prompted the "craving" centre of the subjects' brains to light up. Apparently, there's a subliminal appeal. People love cigarettes, and anything associated with them -- even dire warnings -- will get them salivating like Pavlov's dog. That includes the colours of cigarette packages.

Excluded from the usual ad venues, tobacco companies are way ahead on the subliminal advertising path. They pay attractive businesses such as smart cocktail lounges or NASCAR competitors to adopt package colours, which triggers the craving centre of the brain. Suddenly a patron in a gold and burgundy bar has an inexplicable urge to smoke. Cigarettes that feature a rugged individualist cowboy have also branched out into clothing and accessories with heartland style.

Lindstrom says this sort of subliminal advertising is actually more effective than conventional ads -- again, they can tell from the brain scans -- because it doesn't cause the consumer to put up a guard. The site of logos, brand names, or anything overtly connected with selling, such as a TV commercial, engages the conscious mind. Adults are taught to be sceptical. But the subconscious, it seems, is more like a toddler: easily seduced by anything that addresses primal emotional needs.

Sex slows sales

So what works for marketers and against you?

Sex, it turns out, doesn't sell (despite what every editor says). All that erotically charged imagery actually overwhelms the brain, which can't recall the product. What does work is sex with emotion, particularly sex with controversy. (Or as P.T. Barnum is alleged to have said, "There's no such thing as bad publicity as long as they spell your name right.")

Suddenly the success of that 1980 ad "Nothing comes between me and my Calvins," featuring barely pubescent Brooke Shields, 15, doing her Lolita routine, makes sense. As Lindstrom recounts, the outrage was loud, relentless and memorable. The most important thing in triggering a buy is to make a product memorable, which is what happens when a buyer experiences emotion connected with a product.

For this reason, product integration -- product placement where the gizmo is integral to the plot of a TV show -- is far more effective than conventional ads, which cue the audience to be en garde. Ironically, technology that allows viewers to skip TV ads may actually do sellers a favour, as it forces them to find more effective techniques.

Successful ads create fear about personal inadequacy (for which the product is the solution) but if you stimulate the part of the brain that registers general anxieties -- such as fear of job loss -- customers are put-off.

Wire up the focus group!

The best ads offer wish-fulfilment -- if you buy these jeans, you too will look like the pretty, happy models. But those models can't be out of the consumer's league. The trick is to create an idealized image of a consumer.

For example, Abercrombie and Fitch hired better-than-average looking teenagers to don the clothes and hangout, in packs, around their stores. They looked popular and attractive to the target market, but were well within what those teens could achieve themselves as long as they had the 'rents credit card.

With their underdeveloped brains, teenagers particularly have the urge to mirror other teens, an impulse that appears to explain a lot of fads. It's better known as monkey-see, monkey-do. Primates imitate those around them due, it turns out, to some observed actions stimulating certain satisfying parts of their little chimp brains.

Now marketers can wire up a focus group and see if the fad they're selling hits those relevant grey cells. No more "throwing spaghetti at the wall and seeing what sticks," as Lindstrom puts it. Even in cases where we don't consciously want a product, this research will give marketers a hammer for hitting the wallet-opening reflex.

Resistance is futile

I wish I could promise that reading Lindstrom's analysis of his research will help you defend against neuromarketing, but the findings suggest the opposite -- soon consumers will have nowhere to hide. Well, short of actual hiding.

If you have any connection with the external world -- the shops, the media, the web, entertainment, religion -- you run the risk of being manipulated by cynical enterprises looking to separate you from your cash. Yes, that's business as usual, only now they have better tools.

Not that Lindstrom actually says that. He's more like a gleeful scientist who just discovered how to split the atom. Presumably, an editor warned him about his tone as he volunteers, at regular jarring intervals, that there's nothing frightening about neuromarketing.

(An ill-considered strategy. I found it merely fascinating until he employed the classic liar's technique of denying something before being accused. Now I suspect this is the nuclear bomb of consumer manipulation.)

His closing sentence advises reader-consumers to be "mindful." Well, caveat emptor to you too, buddy. But given that stealth marketing has invaded every nook and cranny of life, and neuromarketing can be crafted to trigger desire for even unappealing objects (Ugg boots come to mind), I think we have to just accept that resistance is futile.

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  • cocean

    3 years ago

    Resistance is NOT futile

    ... at least it isn't to people of extreme low income.

    If you haven't disposable income or access to credit, you can't buy the goods. If all your income is consumed in keeping a roof over your head and food in your stomach, then no matter what strategies the corporateers use, they'll be for naught. If the only purchasing decisions you make are between this white rice vs that nutritious but expensive brown rice, between these green lentils in the bulk foods section vs those pricier red ones, then no matter how much your sub-conscious may be getting manipulated, the desired action will not follow.

    Ironically, the wealthy capitalists need the middle and lower income classes to spend. But as the wealthy get greedier, there's less disposable income left for the rest of us to keep said wealthy in the lifestyles to which they are accustomed. (Ergo, we get corporate welfare in the form of bailouts.)

  • PatrickMcEvoyHalston

    3 years ago

    Villains are weaker than we like to imagine them to be

    My first thought is that this sort of article has me thinking of the popularity of Dark Knight, which suggests that for some reason we kind of want right now to imagine villains as master-minds, as all powerful (did you notice how many things just seemed to go the Joker's way, btw?), and kind of too readily "co-operate" with arguments made by those who would show just how hopeless things are right now.

    It does sound like Buy-Ology is one of those books written by someone who kind of enjoys believing that the rest of us (not him, surely) are--despite our hope/belief that we are otherwise--all too easily moved and controlled by those who know better than we do about how people work, and so doesn't really want to explore the considerable problem subliminal advertisers are faced with amongst a considerable some in our populace.

    Namely: If somewhere deep down in our subconscious we don't want to "associate" with those who would use and abuse us, we won't do so (and there are prominent neuropsychiatrists--who know that our subconsciouses are not as Freud argued, that is, essentially all the same, but vastly variant, depending on how well nurtured we were as infants--who'd back me up on this [Alan Shore comes to mind]). Sensed deep down there, we know when we're in the company of manipulators. And if you've been raised in a healthy family, in a healthy community, you'll recoil from (rather than be attracted to) manipulation and spend much of your teenage/adult life (the influence of commercial culture, notwithstanding) associating with businesses that share your respect of others and the world. And there are many, many businesses out there, that are like that. And many more ready to emerge.

    (And second time in a row, Shannon, you've written an article where you begin by summoning forth mighty villains and finish by concluding that resistance is futile. Are you you helping set the scene so that when a true hero arrives, we'll cheer especially loudly?)

  • margot

    3 years ago

    make a product memorable

    this is the stuff of packages and bags and cups at the side of the road.

    It's officially illegal to put a poster on a pole almost everywhere in Canada, but a cup in the ditch can irritate, get memorable, advertise anywhere.

    I remember when posterers were followed and in some cases arrested in Vancouver. At the same time we postered ankle deep in logos. Packages, bags and cups.

  • margot

    3 years ago

    Wilson Bryan Key

    Alas, he left us October 2008. His books on subliminals live on.

    I am trying to remember the name of the hotel in Hawaii that advertised in the Xmas season Newsweek with Saddam Hussein on the cover. 1990. This is a classic of non-military subliminals, really funny if it's funny.

    Looking for it. Sex in the lawn grass, no planes in the sky, no one in sight, no boats on the sea, just a man on what looks like a diaper change table, being worked on, and a complaint about a woman who really wants to play tennis a lot. There's a statue in the foreground, on the right, with a huge baby-hatted stone figure pressing a penis against what looks like a slice of bread. Feel the Hyatt touch.

    Feel the Hyatt touch and taboo. I actually showed this to a man who could not see the penis on the statue. Yikes, the power of church and abuse.

    The hotel featured a huge land base, probably larger the Kandahar air base and equally stolen, and boats and bars and big plants, and the ad was all about nobody-can-see penis touch for rich guys.

    You just have to put an ad like this on the table and not quite look at it for about five or ten minutes. Suddenly Wilson Bryan Key lives.

  • margot

    3 years ago

    waikoloa ?

    I think it was the Waikoloa, since sold to or whatever, Hilton.

    Anyone gotta pile of old Newsweek, like National Geos for the geo. Of course not the Newsweeks.

  • dorothy

    3 years ago

    Try this

    Here is an antidote that works:

    Never go shopping to 'see what you can find'. Always have a list. know what you are going for. If you don't find what you really really want, go home without it (and without anything) and research better. I have been known to look for hairpins of the right kind for more than five years, after my supply from the old country ran out for good, then suddenly found them in three stores within a two-week period, all run by immigrants from India. Long live diversity! The point is, I lived with no hairpins for those five years, and never bought another hair-gadget to try to fill the gap. I knew what I wanted. And that is the key. The hairpins are a metaphor. The same story has been repeated with countless items I have been looking for over the years. Stuff like a goose-down quilt or double dutch licorice coins could not be had anywhere when I first hit Canada. I am still looking for a decent slide-barette the kind that is tortoise-shell patterned in the plastic and has a little pin as the hinge, comes in six sizes, as well as my real dream item: A can opener MADE IN CANADA. That day, I'll go crazy celebrating. I already know exactly what I'll serve for the party.

    The joker wouldn't have had it so easy if people really had plans, rather than dreams. You can tell the difference from whether they have points where they check their progress, not to mention a decision tree for when things are not as expected in the going. Not if, when. My family builds a bookshelf from scratch, if no one sells one that fits to the nearest five centimeters. Why accept something that will always be awkward? Your stuff should bring harmony into your life. If it won't, don't buy it.

    Oprah had a book called organize from the indside out. It was about how the dumb way of cleaning closets is hitting your messy superflouosity with a steely eye and try to 'reduce' by a certain percentage. Instead, she said, you should imagine that none of it belongs to you, but you have been told you can take what you need. Then figure out what you need (this is a good trick), and then don't even look at the rest, but give it away (maybe a potlatch?)

  • realisticman

    3 years ago

  • dorothy

    3 years ago

    Yippee!

    Thank you so much, r'man!

    You know, the silliest thing is I have had a package of these sitting right under my nose in my emergency box for years, and another in my glove compartment, and not realized I had actually already laid eyes on my holy grail. I cynically took for granted they were made, well, you know where. Wow, we live and learn.

    Now that I know, I might get stubborn enough to use these exclusively and put away the one 'good cook' brand had made somewhere on the other side of the globe
    (This is a matter of PRINCIPLE).

    Thanks again, not in the least for bothering. You cannot know what you have done for me here. Really happy holidays!

  • Jeffrey J.

    3 years ago

    Very cool article

    As I've said before, this is the kind of material citizens used to read more often in the daily newspapers. In days of yore. No longer. But now we have the Tyee and other excellent venues that are filling the void (nature does abhor a vacuum).

    Regarding Ms. Rupp's topic, there ARE techniques to counter the invasive, unwanted industry of tampering with our personal desires.

    1. Turn off your TV and cancel your cable subscription!
    2. Read lots of articles like these;
    3. Avoid glossy magazines and instead, read publications that have a real purpose (eg CCPA Monitor; Briarpatch; Canadian Dimension)
    4. Spend your time with people and books instead of shopping.
    5. Find out about the Slow Movement and learn its lessons.

    Many people have figured these strategies out themselves. Many more are looking for encouragement. Who knows, this may even "go viral". Great article.

  • realisticman

    3 years ago

    best of the Season, Dorothy

    just as long as you don't use it to open a can of worms!

  • southpaw

    3 years ago

    "Buyology?" yeesh...

    What the research fails to address is different brains are wired differently. What makes one person go for the Marlboro man stuff, doesn't necessarily "do it" for all.

  • morechatter

    3 years ago

    A Monkey on our back

    Its Black Friday as a line-up of 2000 shoppers await the bargins on Long Island, outside a Wal-Mart in Valley Stream, New York. The anticipation of low-priced flat screen televisions and games was to much for the shopper as they pushed and shoved their way despite store being still being closed. In the chaos, Wal-Mart worker, a 34-year-old man, was trampled to death. As he lay on the ground, the bargain mad shoppers used him like a rug as they stomped and walked over him while shopping in thestore.

    Have the media and society in general turned us into such consumerists that we show any sense of human decency in order to save a couple dollars off a flat screen monitor?

  • morechatter

    3 years ago

    Our Self Worth

    Is all tied into this consumerism thing and as long as the Worth of a people is valued in terms of their worldly possessions then we as individuals are deemed worthless. But that bit screen TV now thats something big and invaluable for sure or maybe a designer bag heck surely something worth dying for as media feeds a society its values or the lack of them.

  • alive

    3 years ago

    do we need this?

    morechatter:
    Yes there is that, and also the millions of perfectly good monitors that are dumped because they do not meet the newest specifications.
    China no longer accepts our junk, maybe once our landfills overflow we will learn a lesson?
    I can accept that people want to enjoy having a computer, but we have to stop this forever upgrading frenzy; it is entirely created by the promoters for big business and serves no real purpose.
    As usual it is the poor sap who works for peanuts who gets trampled to death!

  • Bailey

    3 years ago

    Belief=image of desire

    This is a tough one. In the 70s a technique called neuro-linguistic programming was published along these same lines. Very effective technique for manipulating belief and response, based on the hard wired relationships that develop between people and the words they use to craft beliefs out of. It utilised the asymmetrical wiring that results from right or left handedness.

    The behaviourists have been busy.

    I think a very effective defence might be devised based on introspective observation of the processes inside ourselves.

    Learn to distrust belief without convincing evidence to back it up. Learn to respond to desire by analysing the whole chain from beginning to end. To be susceptible to desire is to be vulnerable to manipulation and attack through lies.

    All our politicians use desire to believe as the basis of their power. They lie in ways that make people who want things believe, and make people who fear things easily fear them constantly.

    How else can a man lie, get caught publicly, lie again and again and get caught again and again in ways that are quite obvious, yet still find a large population who are willing to believe?

  • PatrickMcEvoyHalston

    3 years ago

    Bailey

    The drama you are drawing attention to and reinforcing, is the very attractive one of "good christian soldier" learning/finding ways to ward of "Satan's" various temptations/lies. We do this through vigilant attention to, and management of, our desires.

    I like your encouragement of introspection, but I am
    proposing that you too are offering something--in your case, a strategy--framed so that it will appeal to many at a very deep level, so that it draws one in before ample consideration. (Who doesn't want these days to imagine themselves especially well armored to take on a threatening world?)

    Personally, I would like to encourage people to consider that in fact the would-be manipulators are much more our puppets than they are our controllers. They don't so much manipulate our desires as they do play their prescribed role and do their damndest to satisfy them. Their power evaporates, we get better politicians/corporate heads, not when we learn to control our desires, but when our desires themselves change for the better. And targeting that problem requires finding a way to give love to those who received too little earlier in their lives (and who therefore possess desires that overwhelm, which are dangerous)--that is, as much through desire and emotion as through intellect.

  • tquid

    3 years ago

    Mindfulness

    Mindfulness does work for this, because it can allow real reflection on one's urges regardless of the stimulus or what the urge is.

    Of course, when an author says to "be mindful," they try to borrow the commercialized glamour of "mindfulness," which seems to mean some sort of generic enlightened behaviour that you just do. Mindfulness in the meditative sense is a practice that is developed by, well, practice. A commitment similar to a physical exercise program will produce benefits that can be seen pretty quickly. That kind of mindfulness has the potential to inoculate one against harmful impulses of anger, greed, and tuning out.

  • James Burns

    3 years ago

    Mindfulness 2

    And part of the problem with so many pop-science books is that their take on the science is so spectacularly simplistic.

    Being able to elicit a reaction in a particular area of the brain does not automatically trigger a corresponding behavior. And as tquid alluded to about mindfulness, the awareness it brings enables people to immediately sense their own states and desires. In fact, part of becoming mindful is eliciting and reflecting on desire. The key here being that one has an awareness of the desires, yet not have to act to fulfill that desire, merely accept that it is there, and let it go.

    That's not to say it's easy. As tquid also mentioned it takes a lot of practice. A hell of a lot of it.

    Where advertising is most effective is in it's unending repetition in creating the desire to acquire. And since the vast majority of humanity does not practice mindfulness, that advertising effort is extraordinarily effective in convincing most people that unending material acquisition is the route to happiness.

  • ME2

    3 years ago

    Taking on the Capitalist's religion.

    In the end, it all depends upon the ability of the individual to be truthful enough with him / herself to sort out wants from needs in a clear enough fashion to figure out if she / he is working to live or living to work.

    In the latter case, it is likely he / she has succumbed to the consumerist doctrine that it is instant gratification that makes life worth living.

  • PatrickMcEvoyHalston

    3 years ago

    tquid

    If you can reflect on our earliest, most primary motivators, then, yeah, you're along the right path to doing much good.

    But getting at these earliest desires/memories/motivators can be very difficult because they're located in a different brain system (mostly in a network centred in the amygdala, rather than the hippocampus and orbital prefrontal cortex). Meditation might well still enable this, but the likelihood to me seems less if the meditation techniques are marketed in ways that speak so appealingly to our need for defensive posturing. Meditation requires "practice" and "commitment" but "produces benefits that can be seen pretty quickly." It enables "mindfulness" that "inoculates one against harm." Not cowboy-machismo, but maybe monkish-machismo, which might appeal to many who would much rather drown a bunch of drugs than undergo years of psychotherapy, but who would much rather believe the results are owing to their own responsible focus and hard work, to their own great mind mastery, than to some other source. With the result being possibly the enabling of soldier-like autism (i.e., I am at peace while at war) rather than true emotional enlightenment.

  • Bailey

    3 years ago

    The hook

    The main use of this self awareness we're talking about is to allow us to recognise the hunter. When you realise that a strong desire has arisen that has no reality in your life, you're feeling the prick of the hunter's arrow.

    This gives you the opportunity to make the choice yourself, rather than being driven to the slaughter unawares.

    It would involve teaching children to lie in an organised fashion, so they can understand what's being done to them. I suppose that in itself makes it unlikely to be done. Though it would be fun to write the textbook, "Chapter Three - The Spanish Lottery and other Elementary Confidence Tricks". "Chapter Four - The Thousand Dollar Suit and it's Uses in the Hands of The Premier". "Chapter Five - Pay No Attention to the Man Behind the Curtain"

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